Gamma alcoholics

In detergent perfumes, the stabiUty of vanillin is not always certain. It depends on the association made with other raw materials, eg, with patchouli, frankincense, cloves, most of the animal notes, and such chemicals as amyl saUcylate, methyl ionones, heflotropin, gamma undecalactone, linalool, methyl anthrarulate, benzyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, cedar wood derivatives, oak mosses, coumarin, benzoin. Pern balsam, and cistus derivatives. In some cases, these mixtures can cause discoloration effects. 

Polyethylene films were preirradiated with gamma-rays and again irradiated in aqueous poly(vinyI alcohol) solutions to give water lubricated antifriction films [121]. 

Petty F, Kramer GL, Davis LL, et al Plasma gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) predicts outcome in patients with alcohol dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry21 809-816, 1997... 

Fadda F, Columbo G, Mosca E, et al Suppression by gamma-hydroxybutyric acid of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Alcohol Alcohol 24 447-451, 1989 Fine J, Finestone SC. Sensory disturbances following ketamine anesthesia recurrent hallucinations. Anesth Analg 52 428 30, 1973 Freese TE, Miotto K, Reback CJ The effects and consequences of selected club drugs. J Subst Abuse Treat 23 151—156, 2002... 

Friedman], Westlake R, Furman M Grievous bodily harm gamma hydroxybutyrate abuse leading to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Neurology 46 469 71, 1996 Gallimberti L, Ferri M, Ferrara SD, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependence a double-blind study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16 673-676, 1992... 

Hernandez M, McDaniel CH, Costanza CD, et al GHB-induced delirium a case report and review of the literature of gamma hydroxybutyric acid. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 24 179-183, 1998... 

Miotto K, Darakjian J, Basch J, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid patterns of use, effects and withdrawal. Am J Addict 10 232-241, 2001 Moncini M, Masini E, Gambassi F, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and alcohol-related syndromes. Alcohol 20 285-291, 2000 Morgan MJ Memory deficits associated with recreational use of ecstasy (MDMA). 

Nelson T, Kaufman E, Kline J, er al The extraneuronal distribution of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. J Neurochem 37 1345—1348, 1981 Nicholson KL, Balster RL GHB a new and novel drug of abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 63 1-22, 2001... 

Nimmerrichter AA, Walter H, Gutierrez-Lobos KE, et al Double-blind controlled trial of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and clomethiazole in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol 37 67—73, 2002... 

Olivera AA, Kiefer MW, Manley NK Tardive dyskinesia in psychiarric parienrs with substance abuse disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 16 57-66, 1990 Palatini P, Tedeschi L, Prison G, er al Dose-dependent absorption and eliminarion of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 45 3 53— 356, 1993... 

LaClair (43) has employed the dehydrohalogenation reaction to determine the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride in the technical product and in dust mixtures. Two identical samples are dissolved in 95% ethyl alcohol and treated with 1 N ethanolic potassium hydroxide at 0° C. for 15 and 50 minutes, respectively. The 15-minute period is sufficient to dehydrochlorinate most of the alpha and the delta isomers without appreciably affecting the gamma. In 50 minutes the gamma isomer is also dehydrochlorinated. The beta isomer does not react under these conditions, and usually the epsilon isomer is present in quantities too small to interfere seriously. 

Polyethylene and polystyrene are examples of plastics subject to environmental stress cracking. Crack resistance tests have shown that surfactants, alcohols, organic acids, vegetable and mineral oils, and ethers provide an active environment for stress cracking of polyethylene. Table 6 lists typical sterile devices and plastic materials used to fabricate them, while Tables 7-9 list the potential effects of sterilization processes on polymeric materials. The effect of gamma irradiation on elastomeric closures has been studied by the Parenteral Drug Association [15]. 

Oxidation of hydrocarbons. Paraffin wax in the petroleum industry was oxidized in a gamma field at a higher temperature to produce higher alcohols and fatty acids. The yield envisaged was as a few thousand tons per year. 

Maitre, M., Andriamampandry, C., Kemmel, V., Schmidt, C., Hode, Y., Hechler, V., and Gobaille, S. (2000) Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as a signaling molecule in brain. Alcohol 20, 277-283. 

Gallimberti, L., Spella, M. R., Soncini, C. A., and Gessa, G. L. (2000) Gamma-hydroxybu-tyric acid in the treatment of alcohol and heroin dependence. Alcohol 20,257-262. 

Alcohol consumption is very difficult to assess. There is widespread belief that individuals underreport their intake and there are no reliable laboratory tests available for definitive diagnosis of alcohol abuse. A combination of abnormalities in the plasma activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT or yGT), AST and reduction in erythrocyte mean cell volume (MCV) maybe useful and all are routine lab. tests. A potential marker of interest is carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) which is an abnormal isoform of serum transferrin arising due to defects in the attachment of carbohydrate chains to the protein core. Unfortunately, CDT is a somewhat specialized test, not performed by most laboratories. Other markers which have attracted some research interest are ethyl sulphate and ethyl glucuronide. Excretion in the urine of these metabolites occurs for up to 50 hours after binge drinking so they offer a useful index of recent heavy alcohol intake. 

The mechanism of action of acamprosate in the maintenance of alcohol abstinence is not completely understood. Chronic alcohol exposure is hypothesized to alter the normal balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. Studies suggest acamprosate may interact with glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter systems centrally, and have led to the hypothesis that acamprosate restores this balance. 

Mechanism of Action An alcohol abuse deterrent that appears to interact with glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter systems centrally, restoring their balance. Therapeutic Effect Reduces alcohol dependence. Pharmacokinetics Slowly absorbed from the G1 tract. Steady-state plasma concentrations are reached within 5 days. Does not undergo metabolism. Excreted in urine. Half-life 20-33 hr. 

The most important of these explosive isomers is the alpha-trinitrotoluene, known as TNT. In crude, commercial TNT, 4 to 5% of impurities are present, consisting mainly of. a mixture of beta-, or 2,3,4-, and gamma, or 3,4,6-trinitrotoluenes. These impurities may be removed by treating the crude TNT with an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite. Ac-, cording to Davis (Ref 3) the beta- and gamma-isomers react with lead oxide in alcohol to form lead dinitrocresolates, while alpha-TNT remains unaffected under similar conditions Refs 1) M. Copisarow, Chem News 118, 13-14 (1919) CA 13, 791 (1919) 2) M.M. Kos-tevitch, Trinitrobenzene Trinitrotoluene, Paris (1927) 3) Davis (1943) p 147... 

When we received her back she was on a low and peculiar dose of methadone, and it transpired that she had recently been reducing this by 2ml in the daily dosage every two weeks, at her own request. In the interview there was an obvious smell of alcohol, and assessment soon revealed that Sandra was drinking heavily every day, with her gamma glutamyl transferase coming back at several hundred international units per litre. 

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