Reducing alcoholates

Operational temperatures of 4—27°C are maintained. In this process the flavor components are concentrated in the retentate. A reduced alcohol product is obtained by adding back water to give the desired flavor impact. Typical gas chromatographic results, comparing unprocessed 80° proof whiskey with reverse osmosis processed 54° proof whiskey and diluted 54° proof whiskey, indicate good congener retention in the alcohol-reduced (RO) processed whiskey (Table 7). 

Summary. Currently, the most promising agents that directly reduce alcohol consumption are the opioid antagonists and acamprosate. Further re-... 

Studies have shown that CM can be used to directly reinforce adherence to medication treatments as well (Petty 2000). Liebson et al (1978) found that methadone-maintained alcohol-dependent patients reduced alcohol use when methadone treatment was contingent on disulfiram consumption. To date, one of the most common applications of CM techniques to pharmacotherapy has been the provision of vouchers or cash contingent upon naltrexone consumption in recently detoxified opioid-dependent patients (Carroll et al. 2001, 2002 Preston et al. 1999). These studies have generally reported significant increases in retention and reductions in opioid use among patients receiving the CM treatment, relative to other therapies. 

Paokolainen K Effectiveness of brief interventions to reduce alcohol intake in primary health care populations a meta-analysis. Prevent Med 28 503-509, 1999... 

A novel lactone and lactol synthesis was achieved by Cossy and coworkers [268], usinga CM followedby ahydrogenationandaringclosure. Ina typical procedure, aso-lution of acrylic acid or acrolein and an allylic or homoallyhc alcohol is stirred at room temperature under 1 atm of H2 in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst 6/3-16a and Pt02. Under these conditions, the homoallylic alcohols 6/3-101 (n= 1) and acrylic acid 6/3-102 led to the lactones 6/3-103 and the reduced alcohol 6/3-104 with acrolein, the corresponding lactols were obtained, together with 6/3-104 (Scheme 6/3.30). 

Neumark YD, Friedlander Y, Thomas-son HR, Li T-K. Association of the ADH2 2 allele with reduced alcohol consumption in Jewish men in Israel A pilot study. J Stud Alcohol 1998 22 202-210. 

Substrate 91 was also hydrogenated in 75% ee using a ruthenium catalyst, [Ru(MeOBIPHEP)](BF4)2 (Scheme 30.4). A similar substrate (93, Scheme 30.5) was hydrogenated with a series of ruthenium catalysts the fully reduced alcohol 94 was a side product The best result (93% ee, 97 3 ketone alcohol) was obtained with [Ru(MeOBIPHEP)](BF4)2 [52]. 

Although these medications have proved quite helpful in reducing alcohol use in depressed patients with comorbid alcoholism, they are not effective in treating nondepressed alcoholics. These antidepressants should only be used in alcohol-dependent patients with comorbid depression or anxiety. 

Naltrexone (ReVia). Naltrexone is another medication that has specific FDA approval for the treatment of alcohol use disorders. It is used as an interference therapy. Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors in the brain and is believed to reduce alcohol-induced euphoria. The absence of pleasurable effects associated with alcohol consumption should plausibly lead to a decrease in the behavior of drinking alcohol. Evidence to date has demonstrated that recovering alcoholics treated with naltrexone have fewer days of drinking and longer periods of sobriety between relapses. 

Approved in Europe to reduce alcohol craving. Receptor blocker... 

The reversible reduction of aldehydes or ketones to the corresponding alcohols using aluminum alkoxides such as aluminum isopropoxide (Al[OCH(CH3)2]3), the reducing alcohol usually being isopropyl alcohol (Le., RCOR + CH3CH(0H)CH3 RCH(OH)R + CH3C0CH3). The reaction is facilitated by the removal of acetone by distillation". This reaction has served as a model for metal-ion-dependent hydride transfer reactions catalyzed by certain enzymes. The reverse reaction is known as the Oppenauer oxidation . ... 

Mechanism of Action An alcohol abuse deterrent that appears to interact with glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter systems centrally, restoring their balance. Therapeutic Effect Reduces alcohol dependence. Pharmacokinetics Slowly absorbed from the G1 tract. Steady-state plasma concentrations are reached within 5 days. Does not undergo metabolism. Excreted in urine. Half-life 20-33 hr. 

Recently, ondansetron (Zofran) was to found to reduce alcohol consumption in adults whose SUD began before age 25 (Johnson et al., 2000). These findings suggest that ondansetron (Zofran) may be potentially effective for craving reduction in youth with SUD. While ondansetron (Zofran) has been prescribed to... 

This process has found major application in the wine industry to control the alcohol content of wines (i.e. remove alcohol to the desired level). Wine is initially passed through the equipment at temperatures and pressures that primarily strip aroma components. The dearomatised wine is then passed a second time through the equipment at higher temperatures and vacuum to strip the desired amount of alcohol from the wine. The initially captured aroma fraction can then be added back to the reduced alcohol wine to produce the desired... 

In a related reaction, alkenes can be added to aldehydes and ketones to give reduced alcohols 70. This has been accomplished by several methods,725 including treatment with... 

To review the pharmacology of alcohol, and agents to reduce alcohol consumption including acamprosate and naltrexone. 

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