Substance abuse disorder

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with substance abuse disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 122—126, 1998 American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000... 

Olivera AA, Kiefer MW, Manley NK Tardive dyskinesia in psychiarric parienrs with substance abuse disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 16 57-66, 1990 Palatini P, Tedeschi L, Prison G, er al Dose-dependent absorption and eliminarion of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 45 3 53— 356, 1993... 

Fuxe K, Andersson K, Nilsen OG, et al Toluene and telencephalic dopamine selective reduction of amine mrnover in discrete DA nerve terminal systems of the anterior caudate nucleus by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicol Lett 12 115—123,1982 Cause EM, Mendez V, Geller I Exploratory smdies of a rodent model for inhalant abuse. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7 143—148, 1985 Gentry JR, Hill C, Malcolm R New anticonvulsants a review of applications for the management of substance abuse disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 14 233—245, 2002 Gerasimov MR, Ferrieri RA, Schiffer WK, et al Smdy of brain uptake and biodistribution of [llCjtoluene in non-human primates and mice. Life Sci 70 2811 — 2828, 2002... 

The DSMIV notes the potential for caffeine to be abused and includes Caffeine Intoxication under the category of Substance Abuse Disorders.262 Despite this official classification, there continues to be controversy as to whether or not caffeine is actually a drug of abuse. Some researchers maintain that caffeine has very low, if any, potential for abuse,235 while others believe that it can be addictive and has characteristics similar to those of other addictive drugs.263... 

Bipolar patients with substance abuse disorders are more likely to have an earlier onset of illness, mixed states, higher relapse rates, poorer response to treatment, higher suicide risk, and more hospitalizations. 

The mood disorders were once called affective disorders and are grouped into two main categories unipolar and bipolar. The unipolar depressive disorders include major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder the bipolar disorders include bipolar 1, bipolar II, bipolar not otherwise specified, and cyclothymic disorder. Other mood disorders are substance-induced mood disorders and mood disorders due to a general medical condition. In addition, mood disturbance commonly occurs as a symptom in other psychiatric disorders including dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse disorders, and schizophrenia. 

The risk factors for dysthymia include a family history of depression and the coexistence of a personality disorder. In addition, dysthymic patients often have major depression, anxiety disorders, or substance abuse disorders as well. 

Teplin, L. (1994) Psychiatric and substance abuse disorders among male urban jail detainees. Am J Public Health 84 290-293. 

Jerrell JM Ridgeley MS (1995). Comparative effectiveness of three approaches to serving people with severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 566-76... 

Recognition of presenting signs and/or symptoms that dictate the need for further medical evaluation (e.g., a known history of recurring or chronic medical illness, prominent physical symptoms, evidence of an organic mental disorder on the Mini-Mental State Examination, substance abuse disorder)... 

Weiss RD, Greenfield SF, Najavits LM, et al. Medication compliance among patients with bipolar disorder and substance abuse disorder. J din Psychiatry 1998 59 172-174. 

The relationship between ADHD and substance abuse disorders is complex. There is no increased risk of substance abuse in ADHD patients relative to age-matched control subjects younger than 14 years old (41). Persistence of significant ADHD symptoms beyond 16 years of age coupled with both a family history of ADHD and substance abuse are significant risk factors for subsequent substance abuse. These patients frequently have co-morbid conduct or bipolar disorder. 

One unpredictable benefit of MPH treatment, according to a 1999 research paper, is that children with ADHD who receive MPH treatment may be less likely to develop substance abuse disorders. 

According to the 1999 Ontario Student Dmg Use Survey, researchers note that substance abuse disorders account for the most prevalent mental health conditions in young people. As the abusing population increases, so will future clinical needs of this population. Psilocybin use can precipitate long-term mental illness. 

Nicotine enhances dopamine release by acting on presynaptic facilitatory heteroreceptors located on the terminal regions of dopaminergic neurons (Marshall et al. 1997). It is tempting to associate these effects of nicotine and the fact that tobacco dependence, the most common substance abuse disorder, is due to nicotine. Nicotine... 

Huang YY, Oquendo MA, Friedman JM, et al. Substance abuse disorder and major depression are associated with the human 5-HT1B receptor gene (HTR1B) G861C polymorphism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003 28(1) 163-169. 

There is comorbid substance abuse disorder or other multiple conditions. 

The psychiatrist may have anywhere from 30-50 minutes for an initial evaluation, whereas the primary care physician will probably have 15-30 minutes for the first visit. Both of them will probably have about 15 minutes for follow-up visits, sometimes less. Visits are often rushed, and any patient can look like anything for an hour. Patients can look healthy when they are psychotic, they can look happy when they are depressed and suicidal, they can successfully sublimate personality-disordered behavior, and they can (and usually do) hide substance abuse disorders. Whomever is chosen, it is critical to communicate the reasons for referral never assume that the presenting problem or diagnosis will be obvious in the visit with the physician. 

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