Food record

Table 14.3 Baseline characteristics and estimated nutrient intakes at baseline based on four-day food recording ...

Essential elements of outpatient treatment for anorexia include a cognitive-behavioral format in which monitoring occurs with daily food records and weekly weighing. A cognitive view of the maintenance of an-... 

The flavonoid database described in this chapter was applied to 4-day weighed food records obtained from healthy Scottish men n = 41) and women ( = 52) to provide a provisional estimate of flavonoid intake in Scotland. All subjects consumed foods containing flavonols, procyanidins, and catechins, dietary intakes of which are given in Table 4.15. The main flavonol consumed was quercetin, accounting for 66 and 63% of the total flavonol intake of 18.8 mg/day. Primary sources of flavonols were from black tea (42.7%), onions (14.3%), apples (10.2%i), and lager (7.2%i) (Table 4.16). 

All foods served were sampled for iron analyses. Fasting blood serum samples were drawn on the morning following the taking of the last food recorded. The 13 subjects who claimed to be omnivores actually consumed very little meat during the course of the study hence, really were much like the omnivores consuming a vegetarian diet. 

A number of investigations have studied the iodine intake of vegans (Table 45.3). The accuracy of the results from the five studies will ultimately depend on the dietary assessment employed. Two of these studies assessed iodine intake using the dupficate portion technique, while two estimated intake from food records, and the fifth study estimated iodine intake using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). 

FFQs, as a direct semi-quantitative method of dietary assessment, are often easier to handle and can result in higher subject compliance, compared to weighed food records and the duplicate portion technique. However, the use of FFQs, as used in the study performed by Waldmann et al. (2003), may result in more sources of error in the estimation of iodine intake compared to other dietary assessment techniques, due to the choice of food portion... 

Notes-. Iodine intake expressed as iodine dietary intake and urinary iodine excretion in elderly males (M) and females (F). The early Danish surveys indicate mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, even among users of dietary supplements. The 68-year-old Danes were also compared to elderly subjects in Iceland with a long-standing relatively high iodine intake. After the mandatory fortification of salt in 2000-2001, the Danish National Survey 2002 indicates a sufficient iodine intake among elderly subjects. N, numbers 7-D R, 7-days food record FFQ, food frequency questionnaire. 

Further support for the cardioprotective effect of flavonoids has been obtained from a reexamination of food records from 16 cohorts within the Seven Countries Study [10]. During a 25-year follow-up period, an inverse association was observed between CHD mortality and flavonoid intake this explained a small but significant portion (8%) of the variance in CHD deaths, independently of intakes of alcohol and antioxidant vitamins. CHD mortality was observed to be lowest in Japan with an estimated average flavonoid intake of 61 mg/d, mainly derived from green tea. 

As an alternative to the long-term controlled dietary protocol, a similar study was conducted with free-living men n = 4) consuming self-selected diets (Stites et oL, 1994). After a 2-week equilibration period with 200 /xg/ day unlabeled folate supplement, the subjects consumed 200 jttg/day of a 1 1 mixture of d4-folic acid and unlabeled folic add for an 8-week period, followed by a switch back to 200 /ig/day of unlabeled folate. Dietary folate intake was estimated from food records using a computerized data base. Typical results (Fig. 7) indicate slow labeling of body folate, as discussed above. Analysis of these data using the expanded model (Fig. 6) yielded... 

Energy is required for muscular activity, growth, reproduction, and synthesis of metabolites such as proteins, fatty adds, nucleic adds, and steroids, which are essential to maintain basal metabolic functions as well as optimal growth and development. Numerous methods such as the food record, pC]-bicarbonate infusion, and indirect calorimetry have been used to estimate energy expenditure in humans. 

The food record seldom reflects the true caloric content of ethnic foods, and this procedure does not work well with children. It is also well documented that overweight individuals often underreport their food intake. 

Red yeast rice has been known for a long time. Its first application was described in China during the Tang dynasty in the eighth century, but, needless to say, not as a cholesterol dmg. Red rice was used as a dye, spice and preservative in food, and during the production of rice wine to speed up fermentatioa In Southeast Asia, red yeast rice is still a common food. Records of some medical applications were found from the Ming dynasty (fourteenth to seventeenth century) from a medicine book that recommended it to help blood circulation and digestion. 

To ascertain whether dietary food records were inaccurate because of associated mild cognitive deficits, blood levels of these nutrients were measured. Scores on the Halstead-Reitan Category Test were worse in subjects with lower blood levels of ascorbate, riboflavin, Bj2, and folate, while those on the Wexler Memory Test were correlated with ascorbate and Bj2 levels. These findings do not appear to be explained by age variation within the group, since there was no overall correlation between any nutritional variable and age per se. To correct for any effects of educational status and income level, analysis of covariance was performed it did not alter the degree or the statistical significance of the associations between performance on the cognitive tests and blood levels of the vitamins. 

Food frequency questionnaires are the research instruments most often used in epidemiological studies because of their easy application. However, the amount of misclassification of dietary exposure by this instrument may be greater than more elaborate measurement techniques such as biomarkers or long-term food records. The amount of misclassification of the more simple food frequency questionnaire is estimated in validation studies which show a high correlation between the different methodological approaches (Table II). The results of validation studies can be used to correct for misclassification in the statistical analyses. 

Mahalko, J. R., Johnson, L. K., Gallagher, S. K., and Milrie, D. B., 1985, Comparison of dietary histories and seven-day food records in a nutritional assessment of older adults, J. Clin. Nutr. 42 524-553. 

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