Flowers, essential oils from

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

In regard to the distribution of the essential oil from one organ of the plant to another, it has been established that there is a circulation of the odorous compounds from the green portions of the plant into the flowers. 

The percentage of essential oil content in dry chamomile flower-heads and its qttali-tative and qrrantitative characteristics, which were determined by the GC-analysis are presented in comprehensive Table 7.1. Percentage corrterrts of the essential oil from chamomile flower anthodia were ranging 0.63 0.19 over the whole examined samples. 

Gildemeister, E., Hoffmann, F., Die Atherischen Ole, Vol. Ilia, Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1960, pp. 510-539 (Occurrence in more than 200 essential oils from herbs, leaves, flowers, and wood, review)-,... 

Enfieurage. This is an ancient process for capturing aromafic essential oils from flowers, such as jasmine and tuberose. In this now essentially obsolete process, freshly gathered flower petals are carefully spread on a sheet, usually glass, upon which is spread a very thin film of highly purified fat. The petals remain in contact with the fat film for 24 hours, after which the peials are removed and replaced with a fresh batch. The process requires from 30 to 40 repetitions before the fat becomes saturated with the essential oil. The fat at this point is called pomade, which is extracted with pure alcohol. Prior to the availability of more advanced technology, some essence manufacturers would have as many as a thousand petal frames in operation at one time. 

Essential oils from the bark and flowers of C. bejolghota from two locations in Assam were analysed by Choudhury et al. (1998). Bark from both areas yielded 0.08% essential oil. The essential oil yield in flowers was 0.13% from Jorhat and 0.6% from Sibsagar. The major constituents of the bark oils from Jorhat were 1,8-cineole (31.3%), a-terpineol (21.3%) and linalool (20%), but Sibsagar oil was predominated by 19.9% linalool, 12.7% a-terpineol and 7.2% 1,8-cineole. The flower oil from Jorhat and Sibsagar constituted mainly a-pinene and /3-pinene. 

The volatiles showed variation in different environments. The composition of the oil from the fresh aerial parts of A. graveolensvai. secalinum (at the flowering stage) obtained from three locations in Egypt revealed that the main components were a- and /3-pinene, myrcene, limonene, cis-jl- ocimene, y-terpinene, cis-allo-ocimene, frans-farnesene, humulene, apiol, /3-selinene, senkyunolide and neocnidilide (Saleh et al., 1985). The chief component in the essential oils from fruits, and to a lesser extent in the leaves and stems, was limonene, whereas the roots and tubers had more frans-ocimene, 3-methyl-... 

Fiorini, C., Fouraste, I., David, B. and Bessiere, J.M. (1997) Composition of the flower, leaf and stem essential oils from Laurus nobilis. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 12, 91-93. 

Enfleurage The method of absorbing essential oils, from living flowers into preserved fat over a period of time. Now obsolete. 

Lantana camara Linn, [bukhwebeletane, lantana] (Verbenaceae) leaf infusion is used for coughs and also against malaria, where it reduces the fever. The leaf contains anthranoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins and steroids (14,15). A glycoside of pentacyclic triterpenoid oleanenoic acid isolated from the plant has molluscicidal property (56). The essential oil from its flowers and leaves contain mainly sesquiterpenes (57). 

M. salicifolia and displayed mosquitocidal activity on fourth instar Aedes aegyptii L. Culicidae at 15,25, 30,60, 80, and 100 ppm, respectively in 24 h [11, 12] (Table 2). Additionally, the sequential hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of M. denudata and M. kobus var. stellata demonstrated growth inhibitory activity on gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) at 250 ppm [12], Citral and the phenylpropanoids are common in the essential oils of many plant genera. Citral, tram-anethole, and methyl chavicol have been detected in the essential oils of M. salicifolia and M. kobus [70, 71], Methyl eugenol has been detected in trace quantities by GC and MS in the leaf, branchlet, and essential oils from the flower bud of M. liliflora Desr. [72],... 

Definition Essential oil from flowers of lavandin, Lavandula hybrida] main constituent linalool Properties Yel. liq., lavender camphoraceous odor sol. in ethanol, fixed oils, propylene glycol, min. oil insol. in glycerin dens. 0.885 ref. index 1.460 (20... 

Fig. 5. Cromatograms of Tagetes minuta essential oil from a) leaves non-bloomed plant h) leaves bloomed plant and c) flowers. Components P-phelandrene (1), hmonene (2), P-ocimene (3), dihydrotagetone (4), tagetone (5) and tagetenone (6).

Table 1. Variation of the chemical composition of the essential oil from T, minuta L. leaves and flowers depending on the growth stage.

Angioni, A. Barra, A. Coroneo, V. Dessi, S. Cabras, P. Chemical composition, seasonal variability, and antifungal activity of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas essential oils from stem/leaves and flowers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 4364 370. 

A., E. Boczek, and J. Gora, 2004. Chemical composition of the essential oils from fruits. Leaves and flowers of the Amur cork tree Phellodendron amurense Rupr.). Flavour Fragr. J., 19 549-553. 

Essential oils with phenylpropenes are found, e.g., in the Apiaceae, Lauraceae and Myrtaceae families. Many of these phenylpro-pene-containing plants have been employed by humans since antiquity as condiments and herbal remedies. Cloves, the unopened flower buds of the evergreen clove tree Syzygium aro-maticum, Myrtaceae) native to the Maluku islands, are used as spice, but also as anaesthetic and antiseptic in dentistry. The active ingredient and major component of essential oil from... 

Monoterpenic alcohols Monoterpenic alcohols, together with terpenic hydrocarbons and other terpenoids, are widespread components characteristic of various essential oils from flowers and other plant parts that are often used in perfumery. Many monoterpenic alcohols are also odour-active components of spices, fruits and... 

The essential oil from the flowers is practically identical with that from the roots. 

H. Tunon et al. Arthropod repellency, especially tick (Ixodes ricinus), exerted by extract from Artemisia abrotanum and essential oil from flowers of Dianthus caryophyllum. Fitoterapia, 77, 257, 2006. 

Essentia.1 Oils. Essential oils (qv) are extracted from the flower, leaf, bark, fmit peel, or root of a plant to produce flavors such as mint, lemon, orange, clove, cinnamon, and ginger. These volatile oils are removed from plants either via steam distillation, or using the cold press method, which avoids heat degradation. Additional processing is sometimes employed to remove the unwanted elements from the oils, such as the terpenes in citms oils which are vulnerable to oxidation (49,50). 

Essential oils are isolated from various plant parts, such as leaves (patchouH), fmit (mandarin), bark (cinnamon), root (ginger), grass (citroneUa), wood (amyris), heartwood (cedar), gum (myrrh oil), balsam (tolu balsam oil), berries (pimento), seeds (diU), flowers (rose), twigs and leaves (thuja oil), and buds (cloves). 

Sandalwood Oil, East Indian. The use of sandalwood oil for its perfumery value is ancient, probably extending back some 4000 years. Oil from the powdered wood and roots of the tree Santalum album L. is produced primarily in India, under government control. Good quaUty oil is a pale yellow to yellow viscous Hquid characterized by an extremely soft, sweet—woody, almost ariimal—balsarnic odor. The extreme tenacity of the aroma makes it an ideal blender—fixative for woody-Oriental—floral fragrance bases. It also finds extensive use for the codistillation of other essential oils, such as rose, especially in India. There the so-called attars are made with sandalwood oil distilled over the flowers or by distillation of these flowers into sandalwood oil. The principal constituents of sandalwood oil are shown in Table 11 (37) and Figure 2. 

---