Other essential oils

Rotation of distillates. When distilled by Soldaini and Berte s process, the genuine oil gives a distillate with a higher (about 0-1-2 °) or at least unchanged (rarely) rotation 1 and a residue with a lower rotation. 

In presence of laevo-rotatory or slightly dextro-rotatory oil of turpentine, even in small quantity (2-5%), the distillate has a rotation below that of the oil. Strongly dextro-rotatory oil of turpentine or lemon terpenes produce a similar effect, if not less than 15% is present. 

The residue of the distillation has a higher rotation than the oil when marked quantities of orange oil are present. 

When distilled according to Schimmel s method, the genuine oil yields a distillate (one-tenth of the oil) with a rotation lower, and a residue with a rotation higher, than that of the oil in the 5rst case the difference is mostly 1-40 and rarely 4.30 only with oil from undergrown lemons does it reach 5-6°. 

In presence of laevo-rotatory oil of turpentine (even less than 5%) or dextrorotatory oil of turpentine (above 5% or 10%, according to the magnitude of the rotation) or terpenes (not less than 15%), the difference between the rotation of the oil and that of the first one-tenth distilled exceeds 4° 

---

CioHi O. White leaflets, with a strong smell and sweet taste, m.p. 22 C, b.p. 235 C. The chief constituent of anise and fennel oils and other essential oils, from which it is manufactured. It can also be prepared from anisole (meihoxybenzene). It is widely used for flavouring pharmaceuticals and dentifrices, and in perfumery. 

C10H13O. B.p. 225-226"C. A terpenic alcohol and a constituent of neroli, petit-grain and bergamot, and of many other essential oils. Nerol has a blander smell than its isomer, geraniol, and is more valuable as a constituent of perfumes. 

Sandalwood Oil, East Indian. The use of sandalwood oil for its perfumery value is ancient, probably extending back some 4000 years. Oil from the powdered wood and roots of the tree Santalum album L. is produced primarily in India, under government control. Good quaUty oil is a pale yellow to yellow viscous Hquid characterized by an extremely soft, sweet—woody, almost ariimal—balsarnic odor. The extreme tenacity of the aroma makes it an ideal blender—fixative for woody-Oriental—floral fragrance bases. It also finds extensive use for the codistillation of other essential oils, such as rose, especially in India. There the so-called attars are made with sandalwood oil distilled over the flowers or by distillation of these flowers into sandalwood oil. The principal constituents of sandalwood oil are shown in Table 11 (37) and Figure 2. 

Clove bud oil is frequendy used iu perfumery for its natural sweet-spicy note but the greatest appHcation is iu the davor area iu a large variety of food products, including spice blends, seasoniugs, piddes, canned meats, baked goods, ready-made mixes, etc. As iu the case of cinnamon bark oil, its well-known antiseptic properties make it ideal for appHcation iu mouth washes, gargles, dentifrices, and pharmaceutical and dental preparations. Candy, particulady chewing gum, is also davored with clove bud oil iu combination with other essential oils. 

Phenyl-2-propenal [104-55-2], also referred to as cinnamaldehyde, is a pale yeUowHquid with a warm, sweet, spicy odor and pungent taste reminiscent of cinnamon. It is found naturally in the essential oils of Chinese cinnamon Cinnamomum cassia, Blume) (75—90%) and Ceylon cinnamon Cinnamomum lanicum, Nees) (60—75%) as the primary component in the steam distilled oils (27). It also occurs in many other essential oils at lower levels. 

The aliphatic hydrocarbon heptane, CyHjg, has recently been discovered as a constituent of the oil obtained by the distillation of the resinous exudation of Pinus Sabiniana, Pinus Jeffreyi, and a few other essential oils. It is a highly volatile liquid of specific gravity 0 688 and boils at 98 to 99°. It has, probably, the lowest specific gravity of all liquids found naturally in essential oils. 

This terpene occurs principally in oil of savin, but has also been found in marjoram, cardamom, sho-gyu and a few other essential oils. It is obtained from the fraction of oil of savin which boils below 195°, which amounts to about 30 per cent, of the oil. It has probably not been isolated in a state of absolute purity, but its characters are approximately as follows —... 

Limonene occurs freely in nature, forming the greater part of oils of lemon and orange, and found to a large extent in caraway, dill, bergamot, and many other essential oils. 

This sesquiterpene is a monocyclic compound, first isolated from the essential oil of Bisabol myrrh by Tucholka. It was found in oil of limes, and described by Burgess under the name limene. It occurs in several other essential oils. When separated by fractional distillation from lemon oil, Gildemeister and Mullerfound it to have the following characters —... 

This sesquiterpene, or mixture of sesquiterpenes, is found to a considerable extent in nature, especially in clove oil, pimento oil, pepper oil, cinnamon oil, betel oil, copaiba oil, and numerous other essential oils. As isolated from these oils the sesquiterpene has the following characters —... 

Linalol, CjoHjgO, is isomeric with geraniol and nerol, but it is structurally isomeric, and not stereoisomeric, as it is known in both optical forms. It was first isolated by Morin from oil of linaloe. The same body has been isolated from various other essential oils, an[Pg.114]

Linalol is found very widely distributed in essential oils. It forms the principal constituent, in the free state, of oil of linaloe, and the chief odorous constituent, in the form of esters, in bergamot and lavender oils. It is also found in ylang-ylang, rose, champaca leaf, cinnamon, petit-grain, spike, geranium, lemon, spearmint, and numerous. other essential oils. 

Cinnamic alcohol, C Hj. CH CH. CH OH, or y-phenyl-allyl alcohol, is found in the form of esters, principally of either acetic or cinnamic acid in storax, balsam of Peru, and in hyacinth and other essential oils. 

Diacetyl, CHg. CO. CO. CHg, is a diketone found in the distillation waters of santal, caraway, orris, savin, pine, and other essential oils. It has the following characters —... 

Estragol, or methyl-chavicol, Cj(,H,.,0, is a constituent of tarragon, anise-bark, bay, fennel, and other essential oils. It is a strongly odorous liquid having the following characters —... 

The methyl ether of eugenol, CjjHj 02, is found in calamus oil, cassie oU, betel oil, bay oil, and various other essential oils. It can be prepared artificially by the action of methyl iodide on eugenol sodium. Its constitution is identical with that of eugenol, except that the phenolic group, OH, has been replaced by the methoxy group, O. CHg. 

However, when elder absolute is diluted and blended with other essential oils, it is useful in perfumery. It blends especially well with bergamot, oak moss and ylang ylang. In perfumery it is added to carnation bases. 

CyHeO, Mr 106.12, Z />101.3kPa 178.1 °C, d] 1.0415, Wp 1.5463, is the main, characteristic component of bitter almond oil. It occurs in many other essential oils and is a colorless liquid with a bitter almond odor. In the absence of inhibitors, benzaldehyde undergoes autoxidation to perbenzoic acid, which reacts with a second molecule of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid. 

C10H12O2, Mr 164.20, pi.3kPa 121 °C, df 1.0652, ng 1.5409, is the main component of several essential oils clove leaf oil and cinnamon leaf oil may contain >90%. Eugenol occurs in small amounts in many other essential oils. It is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a spicy, clove odor. 

Main constituent of citrus fruit peels oils, common in many other essential oils. (+)-limonene orange, lemon, grape oils ... 

---