Fishery

To allow objectivity of the findings, ElA s are usually carried out by independent specialists or organisations. It will involve not only scientific experts, but also require consultation with official and representative bodies such as the government ministries for the environment, fisheries, food, agriculture, and local water authorities. In activities which may impact on local population (terminals, refineries, access roads, land developments) local representatives of the inhabitants may be consulted, and the public affairs function... 

Pubhc sector aquaculture involves production of aquatic animals to augment or estabUsh recreational and commercial fisheries. PubHc sector aquaculture is widely practiced in North America and to a lesser extent in other parts of the world. The FAO definition of aquaculture also indicates that farming implies ownership of the organisms being cultured, which would seem to exclude pubhc sector aquaculture. 

Centralized processing plants specifically designed to handle regional aquaculture crops are estabUshed in areas where production is sufficiently high. In coastal regions, aquacultured animals are often processed in plants that also service capture fisheries. 

FAO, EAO Fisheries Circular 815, revision 2, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1991. 

Other Biological Applications. 4-Nitro-3-(trifluorometh5i)phenol [88-30-2] (TFM) is stiU employed by the Canadian Bureau of Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a lampricide for the control of parasitic sea lamprey in the Great Lakes (see Aquaculture). 

A. Jermelov, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Translation Series No. 1352 Fatten 24(4), 360 (1968). 

W. Larimore and co-workers. Evaluation of a CoolingEake Fishery, EA-1148, 3 Vols., Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., 1979. General References... 

M. C. Bek, Fisheries Handbook of Engineering Fequirements and Biological Criteria, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division, Portiand, Ore., 1991. 

L. W. Bamthouse, R. J. Klauda, D. S. Vaughan, and R. L. Kendak, eds.. Science, Eaw, and Hudson Fiver Power Plants, A Case Study in Environmental Impact Assessment, American Fisheries Society Monograph 4, Bethesda, Md., 1988. 

When it approved the New Animal Drug AppHcation (NADA) of formalin, FDA ruled that use of formalin for fisheries was safe for humans and the environment. They ruled that effluents from fish treatments at 250 mg/L should be diluted 10 times and from egg treatments 75 times if 1,000 —2,000 mg/L were used (10,11). Before registering the compound, FDA also addressed carcinogenicity by stating it was not concerned about human exposure from either water or fish treated with formalin. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has procedural guidelines that should protect workers from harm fill levels of formalin. Calculations based on treatment levels demonstrated that a fishery worker is exposed to not more than 0.117 mg/L formalin in the air, well below the levels estabUshed by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration to protect workers. 

Table 4. Chemicals Registered or Approved for Use in Aquatic or Fishery Situations in Japan, July 199(f...

H. A. Podohak, M Review of The Eiterature On the Use of Calcium Hypochlorite In Fisheries, NTlS, U.S. Dept. Commeice, Washington, D.C., Mai. 1974. Gmelins Handbuch derMnorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., System Ni. 22, Vedag Chemie, Weinheim, Gennany, 1937, p. 471. 

J. P. Hickey, A. Aldridge, D. R. May Passino, A. M. Frank, Expert System Predicts Aquatic Toxicityfrom Contaminant Chemical Structure,NMoa-A Fisheries Research Center-Great Lakes, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1991 Ibid., Drug Information Journal 26, 487 (1992). 

UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Food Surveillauce luformatiou Sheet Number 82 ... 

UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food and Flealth and Safety Executive, Annual Report of the Working Party on Pesticide Residues in Food (1997), MAFF Publications, London, 1997. lARC, Monographs on the Evabiation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Hnmans Volume 56 Some Naturally Occurring Substances Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, WFIO, Geneva, 1979, p. 397. 

In addition to reproductive effects, fish exposed to endocrine disrupters may have a decreased response to stress or decreased growth and metabolism which can affect their ability to survive, or to defend themselves against predators. All of these factors can affect the ability of the species to survive and to reproduce itself in sufficient numbers to maintain the stocks on which our commercial and sport fisheries are based. Not all fish species will be equally susceptible to the effects of endocrine disrupters. Selective sensitivity to such effects, especially those affecting reproduction, may well lead to major changes in the flora and fauna of some of our major aquatic ecosystems as the balance between fish, mammals, invertebrates and plants, and between predators and prey, is destabilised... 

J. M. Smoak, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA... 

Minisitry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Modern Farming and the Soil, Report of the... 

Once the options have been clearly defined it will be necessary to carry out a cost-benefit analysis of each option. This has two main objectives. First, the overall cost of the project will need to be assessed to determine whether or not it is financially viable and, second, to ensure that those who will be required to incur expenditure are fully aware of the commitment needed. The financial benefits to users of the waters for recreation, fisheries, navigation, etc., are relatively easy to determine, but monetary valuation of the environmental benefits such as conservation and general amenity will be more difficult to define. As yet this aspect of the cost-benefit analysis has not been fully developed in the UK. Having determined a range of options and costs for eutrophication control in a particular catchment, consultation on the details of the Action plan with all those involved is needed before any plan can be implemented. 

SAC and RRI are funded by the Scottish Office Agriculture Environment and Fisheries Dept. 

Water Flora and fauna, e.g. fisheries and shell beds... 

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