Other Biological Applications

The concept of using chemical instrumentation to replace olfactometry expert panels, employed in the perfume and flavors industries, has long been sought, and 

Efforts to assist search-and-rescue teams in locating people buried under collapsed structures by using handheld IMS instruments have been proposed. One study focused on detection of VOCs anitted in expired air of fasting monks in Greece, with the objective to simulate the breath exhaled by people who could be trapped under collapsed buildings in an event such as an earthquake indeed, a 30-fold increase in acetone level was found using a portable GC-IMS. In another study, the objective was to detect vapors emanating from human urine, mainly acetone, to indicate the presence of people under debris.  

Finally, studies of alcohols present in hnman saliva nsing selective membrane extraction and a GC-DMS detector and a method for rapid analysis of hair based on ESI-IM-MS were published.  

Electrospray wings for molecular elephants (Nobel lecture), Angew. Chem. 2003, 42, 3871-3894. 

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Other Biological Applications. 4-Nitro-3-(trifluorometh5i)phenol [88-30-2] (TFM) is stiU employed by the Canadian Bureau of Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a lampricide for the control of parasitic sea lamprey in the Great Lakes (see Aquaculture). 

R.D. Smith, Evolution ofESI-MS and FT-ICR-MS for proteomics and other biological applications, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 200 (2000) 509. 

LNA has been used in a variety of other biological applications. LNA, and its 2 -amino analogue, has been incorporated into aptamers (see section 2) for enhanced binding affinity." LNA has been substituted into i-motif structures, where it can have a significant effect on the structural stability. The presence of LNA in the structure alters the stability of the hemiprotonated cytosine base pairs, and as there is a sequence effect it is possible to tune the stability of the i-motif." Substituting LNA into quadruplex structures also has a sequence-dependent effect on stability, where in only certain positions are well-defined structures obtained." More recently the use of LNA nucleotides as polymerase substrates has been examined." KOD DNA polymerase has been shown to be a useful polymerase for the incorporation of LNA triphosphates into DNA, including its use as the polymerase in PCR reactions with LNA modifications." ... 

Smith, R.D. (2000) Evolution of ESI-Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance for Proteomics and Other Biological Applications. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 200 509-544. 

In recent years, monocyclic 3-lactams have been screened for various other biological applications such as CAI, anticancer, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activity besides the antibacterial activity. Undoubtedly, the most notable discovery of the past decade is the clinical use of ezetimibe 94 (Figure 3.3) as a CAI [70]. A new nonhydrolyzable glycoside 95 (Figure 3.3) synthesized using the ezetimibe scaffold is also a potent CAI [71]. 

Polymer hydrogels consist of a cross-finked network of hydrophilic polymers with a very large water content (up to 99%) (Wichterle and Lim, 1960).They are structurally similar to the ECM and have therefore frequently been used as ECM mimics (Fedorovich et al., 2007 Shoichet, 2010). Other biological applications include the use as injectable scaffolds, (temporary) cell culture supports and drug delivery matrices (Mano, 2008). For all these applications, the introduction of enzyme-responsive functionalities into the polymer hydrogel is attractive because it would either more closely mimic the ECM (which is itself enzyme responsive) or allow drug delivery in response to the presence of a specific enzyme. 

The list of fluorochromes that are available for ICC labeling and other biological applications is still growing (Fig. 2). 

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