Fisheries development

The NMFS role in fisheries development is catalytic in nature by encouraging and assisting in the achievement of full utilization of U.S. fishery resources to derive maximum economic and social benefits from those resources under U.S. jurisdiction. In practical terms, this will require greater initiative on the part of the commercial and recreational fishing industries to utilize America s non-traditional fish species, while the Federal Government will work to reduce foreign fishing in our fishery conservation zone and remove or reduce other impediments. 

In supporting the increased use of underutilized fisheries, the NMFS fisheries development program over the next few years will concentrate on the development of those fisheries with greatest potential for growth. Many fisheries can be developed. However, emphasis on the development of specific underutilized fisheries will allow NMFS to use its resources more effectively. 

Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., Giesy, J., Tatsukawa, R. (1997). Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in foodstuffs from Asian and Oceanic countries. Rev. Environ. IES Research Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center,... 

Anonymous, Fish oil production and potentials in Atlantic Canada, Project Report No. 115, Fisheries Development Branch, Halifax, Nova Scotia 1996. 

Partial financial assistance was provided by the Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation, by the Organization of American States, and by the Wenthworth Scholarship Foundation. Their contributions are greatly appreciated. 

For fishery development in the Aral Sea area two refrigerating plants were constructed, a fish canning plant, 11 fish-salting plants, and accessory facilities, such as shipyards, repair and contamer-making workshops. As a result, the manufacture of frozen, cooled, and canned fish products increased, while the salted fish output decreased. 

Nanotechnology A novel tool for aquaculture and fisheries development A prospective mini-review. Fish Aquae J 2011, FAJ-16. 

The first section below sketches the blue revolution as it has taken place in fisheries around the world. It is followed by elaborations of the transformation process in two important fishing regions the west coast of North America and Southeast Asia. In doing so, I rely on two historical works McEvoy s (1986) study of Californian fisheries, and Butler s (2004) synthesis on history of Southeast Asian fisheries. Both regions are known for the quality of their fishing grounds as well as the productiveness of their fisheries. The Californian case illustrates the process of fisheries development which commenced around the turn of the 19th century in temperate waters, while Southeast Asian fisheries are indicative of the process which started in the tropics almost fifty years later. 

To allow objectivity of the findings, ElA s are usually carried out by independent specialists or organisations. It will involve not only scientific experts, but also require consultation with official and representative bodies such as the government ministries for the environment, fisheries, food, agriculture, and local water authorities. In activities which may impact on local population (terminals, refineries, access roads, land developments) local representatives of the inhabitants may be consulted, and the public affairs function... 

Once the options have been clearly defined it will be necessary to carry out a cost-benefit analysis of each option. This has two main objectives. First, the overall cost of the project will need to be assessed to determine whether or not it is financially viable and, second, to ensure that those who will be required to incur expenditure are fully aware of the commitment needed. The financial benefits to users of the waters for recreation, fisheries, navigation, etc., are relatively easy to determine, but monetary valuation of the environmental benefits such as conservation and general amenity will be more difficult to define. As yet this aspect of the cost-benefit analysis has not been fully developed in the UK. Having determined a range of options and costs for eutrophication control in a particular catchment, consultation on the details of the Action plan with all those involved is needed before any plan can be implemented. 

This practice went on until recently. Four hundred eighty-one formulations and compounds were included in the official list of pesticides permitted for use in agriculture from 1986-90 [14]. In 1990, the MPC and other health protocols were developed for only 127 pesticides in food products, 105 pesticides in bodies of water used for hygiene and drinking, 78 pesticides in fishery reservoirs, 31 pesticides in farm animal feed, 81 pesticides in the soil, and 119 pesticides in work zone air [1]. There were no MPCs for the remainder of the pesticides permitted for use and, according to existing rules, they should not have been used. Nevertheless, they were. 

Leidy, G.R. Jenkins, R.M. "The development of fishery compartments and population rate coefficients for use in reservoir ecosystem modeling. Appendix J. Digestive efficiencies and food consumption of fish." Final Report, Agreement No. WES-76-2, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service National Reservoir Research Program, Fayetteville, AR,... 

Other uses include the cooling of nuclear (at Asco and Santa Maria de Garona) and thermic centrals (Andorra, Escucha and Escatron), as well as some aquiculture activity is developed in the Ebro River basin (about 80 fisheries, which mainly commercially produce trouts). 

Third, continued periodic monitoring of fishery and wildlife resources is important, especially in areas with potential for reservoir development, in light of the hypothesis that increased flooding increases the availability of mercury to biota. The use of museum collections for mercury analysis is strongly recommended for monitoring purposes. For example, the Environmental Specimen Bank at the Swedish Museum of Natural History constitutes a base for ecotoxicological research and for spatial and trend monitoring of mercury and other contaminants in Swedish fauna (Odsjo et al. 1997). 

Iceland could also develop wind power with coastal or offshore facilities. A study indicated that 240 wind power plants could produce the electricity needed to replace fossil fuel from vehicles and fisheries. 

Changrasekhar, T.C. and Kaveriappa, K.M. (1985). A process for reduction of benzo(a)p5Tene content in smoked oil sardine, in Reilley, A., ed.. Spoilage of Tropical Fish and Product Development, FAO Fisheries Rep. No. 317, FAO, Rome, 262-266. 

Environment Canada recently developed an evaluation system based on effluent toxicity testing, capable of ranking the environmental hazards of industrial effluents [185]. This so-called Potential Ecotoxic Effects Probe (PEEP) incorporates the results of a variety of small-scale toxicity tests into one relative toxicity index to prioritize effluents for sanitation. In the index no allowance has been made for in-stream dilution, therefore the acmal risk for environmental effects is not modeled. The tests performed on each effluent are the following bacterial assay [V.fisheri (P. phosphoreum), Microtox], microalgal assay S. capricornutum) crustacean assay (C. dubiay, and bacterial genotoxicity test E. coli, SOS-test). 

The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA) began work in 2000 to develop and provide advice to the Codex Alimentarius Commission on microbiological aspects of food safety. In addition to providing risk assessments, JEMRA develops guidance on related areas such as data collection and the application of risk assessment. JEMRA works most closely with the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene, but has also provided advice to other Codex committees, such as the Committee on Fish and Fishery Products. 

This is an overview of the U.S. fishing industry, its anticipated growth and development, the role of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and its concerns regarding the safety of fishery products for human consumption. 

Primary Federal responsibility for fisheries management and development in coastal waters rests with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the Department of Commerce. Within NOAA, Federal fisheries programs are administered by NMFS. 

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