Fishery production

However, the livestock feed market for astaxanthin, although presently small, will grow to a size comparable to the market for the synthetic compound, estimated at 185 million. The largest market for astaxanthin is aquaculture, which accounts for 24% of total global fisheries. Production is currently valued at 35 billion per annum and is expected to grow to 49 billion by 2010. 

OTC can be well separated from TC, DC, and its impurities by means of capillary electrophoresis [25]. However, the use of CE in the analysis of OTC residues is restricted because of the low concentration sensitivity of this technique [28]. HPLC is by far the most widely used method for the analysis of OTC residues in food and fisheries products. Chromatographic analysis of tetracycline including OTC analysis in foods was reviewed by Oka et al. [65] and MacNeil [72]. HPLC methods for the analysis of OTC are summarized in Table 2. 

For the analysis of OTC residues and its related substances in food and fisheries products, LC-MS/MS is presently the most modern and promising method due to its high sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity. 

Schreiber, W. 1983. Mercury content of fishery products data from the last decade. Sci. Total Environ. 31 283-300. 

Daily intake, 10-day health advisory for 70-kg adult (with safety factor of 100) Water containing edible fishery products Less than 3.5 mg/L 15, 25... 

From ingestion through water and nickel-contaminated fishery products Less than 13.4 pg total recoverable Ni/L 6... 

Acceptable 2 pg total inorganic As/kg body weight (BW) (about 0.14 mg daily for 70 kg adult) 0.094 mg daily through fishery products (Vos and Hovens 1986)... 

Jongen, W.M.F., J.M. Cardinaals, and RM.J. Bos. 1985. Genotoxicity testing of arsenobetaine, the predominant form of arsenic in marine fishery products. Food Chem. Toxicol. 23 669-673. 

Vos, G. and J.P.C. Hovens. 1986. Chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, mercury and lead in Dutch fishery products 1977-1984. Sci. Total Environ. 52 25-40. 

Ahmed FE, Hattis D, Wolke RE, et al. 1993. Risk assessment and management of chemical contaminants in fishery products consumed in the USA. J Appl Toxicol 13(6) 395-410. 

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1996). Fish and Fisheries Products Hazards and Controls Guide, 1st ed., FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Seafood, Washington, D.C. 

Phycotoxins accumulate in fish and shellfish because of the natural feeding habits of the respective organisms, rather than because of food handling or processing practices. The toxins causing the diseases discussed in this chapter are heat stable (Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2001 Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products, 1991). Complete inactivation of saxitoxin (associated with PSP) requires at least ten minutes of exposure to 260°C dry heat. Brevetoxins (associated with NSP) were inactivated (i.e., to levels below the limit of assay detection using Japanese medaka [Oryzias latipes]) by exposure to 500°C heat for 10 to 15 minutes (Poli, 1988). Complete inactivation required 10 minutes exposure to 2760°C dry heat (Wannamacher, 2000). 

Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products, Seafood Safety, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1991. 

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Procedures for the safe and sanitary processing and importing offish and fishery products. Federal Register, 1995. 

Karl, H. and Leinemann M. (1996). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fishery products from different smoking kilns, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 202, 458-464. 

The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA) began work in 2000 to develop and provide advice to the Codex Alimentarius Commission on microbiological aspects of food safety. In addition to providing risk assessments, JEMRA develops guidance on related areas such as data collection and the application of risk assessment. JEMRA works most closely with the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene, but has also provided advice to other Codex committees, such as the Committee on Fish and Fishery Products. 

This is an overview of the U.S. fishing industry, its anticipated growth and development, the role of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and its concerns regarding the safety of fishery products for human consumption. 

The NMFS development programs are financed both from funds appropriated by the Congress and from tariffs on imported fisheries products better known as Saltonstall-Kennedy funds. 

Sixty to eighty-five percent of the fatty acids in fishery products are either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated. Polyunsaturated fats have been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels and the same phenomenon exists for fish oils. Epidemiological studies of the Greenland Eskimos show their diet to be high in marine oils and the populaticxi has correspcMidingly low serum cholesterol values (6) (7). 

Aside from the complications imposed by the oil in fish and the need to keep the catch cold, there is also a compound in fish called trimethylamine oxide (TMAD), which is converted to trimethylamine (TMA). Trimethylamine oxide is essentially an odorless compound which is ccxiverted by bacteria in and on the fish to the fishy tasting and smelling compound, trimethylamine. Retarding this conversion is one of the prime objectives of adequate cold storage of fishery products (3) (8). 

Japan and Russia are the two most aggressive countries in the field of large-scale fishing Japan also has the highest per capita consumption of fish. The United States is a relatively small consumer of fishery products, with 50 to 60% of the fish consumed being imported. On a per capita basis, Americans consumed 11.4 pounds of edible weight of fish products in 1970 — less than cxie-fourth the amount of poultry consumed (11). 

Aquaculture is another means of meeting the demand for fishery products. This method, however, is rather costly in developed nations, although many countries have practiced some form of aquaculture for many years. China practiced fish farming as far back as 2000 B.C., but it was introduced only recently in Africa where about 700,000 tons are produced annually. Fish farming has maintained its importance through the centuries in Russia, which today produces about 200,000 tons of pond fish (17). 

Teacher s Manual. Fishery Products Inspection UJ5. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service. 

Kreuzer, R. In Fishery Products Fishing News Ltd Surrey, England, 1974, 22-47. 

As mentioned above we obtained most of the poison for our chemical and biological work from the Alaska butter clam. However our search for a dinoflagellate or any other poisonous organism in the water as a source of the poison in the clams was never definitely accomplished. In 1948, and in some years following, along with a survey for toxic butter clams in Southeastern Alaska by the staff at the Fishery Products Research Laboratory at Ketchikan, 1 collected plankton in areas where the clams were found to be toxic. Mouse assays of the plankton showed no toxicity. Microscopic examination of the water in these areas showed heavy growth of microscopic plankton but little or no evidence of... 

---