First Lacquer

The Japanese oriental lacquer has been used for several thousands of years as a coating material for boxes and other articles. The first lacquered box of good quality dates from about 200 B.C., the Qin period in China. A Chinese lacquer box from the 14th century is shown in Figure 7 [9]. 

Fumaric acid occurs naturally in many plants and is named after Fumaria officinalis, a climbing aimual plant, from which it was first isolated. It is also known as (E)-2-butenedioic acid, aHomaleic acid, boletic acid, Hchenic acid, or /n j -l,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid. It is used as a food acidulant and as a raw material in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins, quick-setting inks, furniture lacquers, paper sizing chemicals, and aspartic acid [56-84-8]. 

Typically, a polymer is first dissolved in a mixture of miscible solvents and nonsolvents. This mixture (lacquer solution) is frequently a better polymer solvent than any of the components (3,4). The lacquer solution is dearated and spread as a thin film on a suitable support. The surface of the film is then placed in contact with a nonsolvent diluent (precipitant) miscible with the solvent. This precipitates or gels the surface almost instantaneously. 

Benzyl chloride is available in both anhydrous and stabilized forms. Both forms can be shipped in glass carboys, nickel and lined-steel dmms, and nickel tank tmcks and tank cars. Stabilized benzyl chloride can be shipped in unlined and lacquer-lined dmms, and tank tmcks or cars of constmction other than nickel. Glass-lined tanks are the first choice for bulk storage of anhydrous benzyl chloride lead-lined, nickel, or ceramic tanks can also be used. 

Cyclohexanol [108-93-0] is a colorless, viscous liquid with a camphoraceous odor. It is used chiefly as a chemical iatermediate, a stabilizer, and a homogenizer for various soap detergent emulsions, and as a solvent for lacquers and varnishes. Cyclohexanol was first prepared by the treatment of 4-iodocyclohexanol with ziac dust ia glacial acetic acid, and later by the catalytic hydrogenation of phenol at elevated temperatures and pressures. 

Cyclohexanone [108-94-17 is a colorless, mobile Hquid with an odor suggestive of peppermint and acetone. Cyclohexanone is used chiefly as a chemical iatermediate and as a solvent for resias, lacquers, dyes, and iasecticides. Cyclohexanone was first prepared by the dry distillation of calcium pimelate [19455-79-9] OOC(CH2 )5COO Ca , and later by Bouveault by the catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol. 

Filiform corrosion is characterised by the formation of a network of threadlike filaments of corrosion products on the surface of a metal coated with a transparent lacquer or a paint him, as a result of exposure to a humid atmosphere. This phenomenon first attracted attention because of its formation on lacquered steel, and for this reason it is sometimes referred to as underfilm corrosion, but although it is most readily observed under a transparent lacquer it can also occur under an opaque paint film or on a bare metal surface. Filiform corrosion has been observed on steel, zinc, magnesium and aluminium coated with lacquers and paints, and with aluminium foil coated with paper. Surface treatment of the metal by phosphating or chromating lessens the tendency for filiform corrosion to occur, but it is not completely... 

Two-piece food cans may be made by a draw-redraw process, in which lacquer is first applied to and cured on sheet. Blanks are then cut from the sheet and the can is drawn from the blank in two or three stages. The lacquer deforms with the drawing process and lubricates the draw. It then becomes the interior protective coating. Although epoxy-phenolic solvent-borne lacquers are used, even better drawing properties are obtained from organosols. These are dispersions of colloidal polyvinyl chloride powder in solutions of other mixed resins in solvent, e.g. chosen from epoxy, polyester, vinyl and phenolic. 

Front-silvered mirrors can be pohshed with optical rouge on a pad of chamois leather over cotton wool. Care is necessary because it is easy to polish completely through the silver. Back-silvered mirrors can be protected by first varnishing the silver and then painting the varnish. Front-silvered mirrors can be protected with a thin coat of lacquer, such as a dilute solution of cellulose nitrate in amyl acetate. The lacquer should not be too thin, or interference colours may be produced. 

Baudoin etal. [168,169] first presented qualitative depth profiles of lacquer and polymer coatings by means of r.f. GD-OES. Quantitative depth profiles were successively obtained by Payling et al. [170] on prepainted metal coated steel. Samples comprised a (rutile) pigmented silicone-modified polyester topcoat over a polymer primer, on top of an aluminium-zinc-silicon alloy coated steel substrate. With GD-OES in r.f. mode, it was possible to determine the depth profile through the polymer topcoat, polymer primer coat, metal alloy coating, and alloy layer binding to the steel substrate with a total depth of 50 im, all in about 60 min on the one sample. GD-OES depth profiles of unexposed and weathered silicone-modified polyesters were also reported [171]. Radiofrequency GD-OES has further been used to... 

Prussian blue (PB ferric ferrocyanide, or iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)) was first made by Diesbach in Berlin in 1704.88 It is extensively used as a pigment in the formulation of paints, lacquers, and printing inks.89,90 Since the first report91 in 1978 of the electrochemistry of PB films, numerous studies concerning the electrochemistry of PB and related analogs have been made,92 with proposed applications in electrochromism1 and electrochemical sensing and catalysis 93... 

Laccase was first isolated by Yoshida in 1883 [43] from tree lacquer of Rhus ver-nicifera. Laccases can thus be classified according to their source plant, fungal or, more recently, bacterial or insect [44], The laccase enzyme active site contains four copper ions classified into three types based upon their geometry and coordinating ligands, denoted... 

A few last details may be given about Keyes, which should further demonstrate the crucial importance of the evolution of organic industries immediately after the first world war. After studying under G. N. Lewis, Keys focused not only on lacquers, as we have seen, but also on synthetic dyes. Later on, he moved toward petroleum chemistry and specialized in problems of molecular cracking because he also had a good deal of experience in distillation processes while he worked for the U.S. Industrial Alcohol Company of New York in the early 1920s (43). 

Uses. The. motivation for first recovering NBA in the 1920s was its use as a lacquer solvent. That application is even stronger today. The NBA vapors from lacquer drying are nontoxic and virtually nonflammable. Other fast growing uses for NBA are plasticizers and chemical intermediates, mostly for esters and ethers used in water-based coatings and adhesives systems. 

Figure 17 provides an overview of the function of the diazoquinone/novolac materials. The matrix resin is a copolymer of a phenol and formaldehyde. The generic term for this class of polymers is novolac (18) meaning "new lacquer" and describes the purpose for which they were first developed. The chemical industry produces millions of tons of novolac each year where its end use is that of a thermoset resin and adhesive. Novolac is commonly used, for example, as the principle adhesive in the manufacture of plywood. 

As the art of waging war became more complex and sophisticated, logistics support to the field also became more complicated. It was discovered that some means other than size and shape would be necessary for rapid identification of ammunition on the battlefield. According to available information the first distinctive identification of ammunition was developed by the French. This method was the application of paint to cannon projectiles to designate the various types used on board ship. This practice was abandoned prior to 1803 because of the lack of a, suitable colored lacquer or,paint which would hold its color and remain on the projectiles during shipboard storage at sea... 

Initiators that operate on the basis of the first mechanisms are commonly different acetophenone derivatives (6) and are mainly used in clear lacquers. The second mechanism employs derivatives of aromatic ketones and quinones... 

The book closes with two chapters on the plasticization and antiplasticization of polycarbonate by A. Conix and L. Jeurissen and G. W. Jackson and J. R. Caldwell, respectively. It would have been possible to include more examples of the interaction between polymers and plasticizers, for instance on the effect in lacquers, in latices, or adhesives. Some are mentioned in the first chapter. 

When mixed-phase rutile pigments are used in special paint systems, (e.g., stoving or acid-catalyzed lacquers), inorganic surface treatment in an aqueous medium can improve the gloss and flocculation properties. For example, an aqueous pigment suspension is first treated with a surfactant, and then coated with metal hydroxides or oxide hydrates [3.93],... 

In aircraft jet fuels, for example, especially those for aircraft of the supersonic type, the chief problem so far encountered has been thermal stability prior to combustion. The fuel must be used as a cooling agent, and the resultant exposure to heat accelerates the formation of gum and sediment. These cause plugging of filters and fuel nozzles, and lacquering of heat-exchanger surfaces. Research to date has indicated that some additives are effective in improving jet-fuel stability (52), especially if the fuel has first been rigorously refined, but these additives are not combustion improvers in the sense discussed in this paper. 

The first step in this opera is to remove die small amt of w which is dispersed or emulsified) in the globule of NC lacquer. Should this w be left through subsequent operations, the final ball grains would be porous and of low density. 

The next major step in the history of NC was the development of celluloid(1870) the first synthetic plastic. This was followed by development of the NC lacquer industry which, following WWI, expanded greatly(Ref 43)... 

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