Calcium pimelate

Cyclohexanone [108-94-17 is a colorless, mobile Hquid with an odor suggestive of peppermint and acetone. Cyclohexanone is used chiefly as a chemical iatermediate and as a solvent for resias, lacquers, dyes, and iasecticides. Cyclohexanone was first prepared by the dry distillation of calcium pimelate [19455-79-9] OOC(CH2 )5COO Ca , and later by Bouveault by the catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol. 

To confirm it, PP resins with melt flow rates, MFR, from 0.3 to 40 dg min-1 have been produced [111]. Calcium pimelate, the proprietary technology of Borealis, has been used as a -nucleating agent. The grades were considered to be fully nucleated, since their / -content, measured by DSC (2nd scan, 10 K min-1), was about 80% ( 2%). Their performance was compared with that of the corresponding non-nucleated materials, which exhibit an almost pure a-crystalline structure. 

Fig. 7 Evolution of the spherulitic structure of PP with increasing amounts of calcium pimelate (from 0 to 2000 ppm) leading to increasing amounts of -modification as observed by optical microscopy. Micrographs (425 x 650 rm) kindly provided by J. Wolf-schwenger...

Fig. 8 Evolution of the amount of /3-phase (DSC), the crystallization temperature, Tc, and the mechanical performances (fracture resistance at 23 °C and stiffness) as a function of the amount of calcium pimelate...

A series of z PP with different flowabilities was tested. They were nucleated with 0.1% calcium pimelate (Ca-Pim), 0.1% NU-100 or 0.002% y-quinacridone. The /3-content of the materials was measured by DSC (2nd scan, 10 K min-1) it was not dependant on the MFR of the resins and was about 80% for Ca-Pim, 86% for NU-100 and 84% for y-quinacridone, suggesting the resins to be fully nucleated. The results for the notched impact toughness tested at 23 °C (NIS 179/leA) are reported on Fig. 11a (absolute values) and in Fig. 1 lb (relative values, normalized by the NIS of the non-nucleated z PP). Except for NU-100 above a melt flow rate of 15 g/10 min, /3-nucleation increased the room temperature toughness of PP homopolymers. The following conclusions could be drawn ... 

Fig. 11a Notched impact strengths, NIS, at room temperature for non-nucleated, calcium pimelate nucleated, NU-100 nucleated and y-quinacridone-modified PP homopolymers over a wide range of MFR b degree of fracture resistance improvement with the different nucleating agents—the values are normalized with the NIS of the non-nucleated corresponding neat resin taken to evolve as follows MS(non-nucleated) =- 1.26 In(MFR) + 6.01. The test speed was about 3.8 ms1, the specimens were injection molded...

Fig. 25a provides a comparison of the Charpy notched impact strength (MS) at room temperature of the non-nucleated and of the /(-doped resins (fully -modified with 0.1 wt% calcium pimelate) as a function of the IV of the rubber. Both series show the same trends increasing the IV for the rubbery phase has a positive effect on the toughness. However, the delta between their respective fracture resistance at given IV, A(NIS), is not constant varying between 6% for an IV of 2 dgl-1 to 50% for an IV of 1.7 dg 1 1 ... 

Dehydrated calcium pimelate is added (between 0.01 and 0.5 wt %) as the nucleating agent to isotactic polypropylene to produce the (3 modification of iPP [63]. Following molding between two glass plates at 220°C thin films of the polymer are isothermally crystallized at 140°C-143°C in a microscopy hot stage. After the hedritic structures develop, the samples are quenched to room temperature. Prior to AFM examination, the specimens are etched with a 1% solution of potassium permanganate in a mixture of sulfuric and orthophosphoric acid [64, 65]. This procedure is described in detail in the literature Caution consult the literature for safety precautions ) and helps to remove preferentially amorphous phase of PP [64]. Thus, unlike in the many other examples discussed in Sect. 3.2, here the interior of a specimen is analyzed after its exposure. 

Fig. 12 a Elongation at break, ebreak> and b Young modulus, , for the non-nucleated, calcium pimelate nucleated, NU-lOO nucleated and y-quinacridone-modified PP homopolymers over the investigated MFR range. The test speed was 50 mm min for the determination of Sbreaki 5 mm min for the evaluation of E. The specimens were injection molded dog bones... 

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