Soap and detergent

Soaps are salts of higher fatty acids, such as sodium stearate, C,7H35COO Na. The cleaning action of soap results largely from its emulsifying power and its ability to lower the surface tension of water. This concept may be understood by considering the dual nature of the soap anion. An examination of its structure shows that the stearate ion consists of an ionic carboxyl head and a long hydrocarbon tail  

The primary disadvantage of soap as a cleaning agent comes from its reaction with divalent cations to form insoluble salts of fatty acids  

The triphosphate anion, an example of the polyphosphates that act as chelating agents for water hardness ions of calcium and magnesium 

LAS has the general structural formula illustrated as follows, where the benzene ring may be attached at any point on the alkyl chain except at the ends  

LAS is more biodegradable than ABS because the alkyl portion of LAS is not branched and does not contain the tertiary carbon, which is so detrimental to biodegradability. Since LAS has replaced ABS in detergents, the problems arising from the surface-active agent in the detergents (such as 

Some carboxylic acids are called fatty acids because they come from fats or lipids. The interesting thing is that if the fat is boiled with sodium hydroxide solution it breaks up. The sodium salts of the acids are soft to the skin, lather in water and are called soaps . This breaking up of the fat ester into the soap is called saponification . Soaps contain groups like RCOONa, where R is CH3(CH2)i6COO-or sodium stearate. Other long-chain acids in soaps are mixtures of palmitic acid, oleic acid, hence the name Palmolive  

The ability of soap to help wet a surface makes it a good surfactant or wetting agent . The major problem with soap is that, with any calcium ions present, as in 

Carboxylic adds form esters with alcohols. Write an equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and methanol. The product also has an isomer which is a carboxylic acid. Explain these statements and show the structures. 

Explain one way the cells of the body get their chemical energy to reproduce and surviva 

What is meant by an unsaturated fatty acid and why is it more healthy to eat compounds containing these than saturated fatty acids. 

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The type of behavior shown by the ethanol-water system reaches an extreme in the case of higher-molecular-weight solutes of the polar-nonpolar type, such as, soaps and detergents [91]. As illustrated in Fig. Ul-9e, the decrease in surface tension now takes place at very low concentrations sometimes showing a point of abrupt change in slope in a y/C plot [92]. The surface tension becomes essentially constant beyond a certain concentration identified with micelle formation (see Section XIII-5). The lines in Fig. III-9e are fits to Eq. III-57. The authors combined this analysis with the Gibbs equation (Section III-SB) to obtain the surface excess of surfactant and an alcohol cosurfactant. 

SDA Glycerin and Oleochemicals Statistics Keport, The Soap and Detergent Association, New York, 1992. 

The greatest amount of surfactant consumption is in packaged soaps and detergents for household and industrial use. The remainder is used in processing textiles and leather, in ore flotation and oil-drilling operations, and in the manufacture of agricultural sprays, cosmetics, elastomers, food, lubricants, paint, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other products. 

H. B. May, H. Nijs, and V. Godechades, "Phosphonates Multihmctional Ingredients for Laundry Detergents," 59th Annual Convention of the Soap and Detergent Association, Boca Raton, Fla., 1986. 

Principal uses of KOH include chemicals, particularly the production of potassium carbonate and potassium permanganate, pesticides (qv), fertilizers (qv), and other agricultural products soaps and detergents scmbbing and cleaning operations, eg, industrial gases dyes and colorants and mbber chemicals (qv) (10,34). 

Part 417 soap and detergent manufacturing point source category... 

Sodium sulfate is also used as a filler in powdered soap and detergents. Introduction of Hquid detergents, in which Na2S04 is not used, has also resulted in lower consumption of the sulfate. 

The principle uses of Na2S04 are in the manufacture of paper, soaps, and detergents. These accounted for 65% of U.S. consumption from 1990 to 1995, representing a significant shift from 1980 when paper production alone consumed 67%. Pulp (qv) and paper consume only 25% (2). The kraft paper process uses a mixture of sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide to digest wood chips. Both the sulfide and hydroxide are generated, starting with sodium sulfate as the raw material. 

L. Spit2, ed.. Soaps and Detergents, AOCS Press, Champaign, IU., 1996. 

Economic Aspects and Uses. The principal producers in the United States are U.S. Borax and Chemical Corp., North American Chemicals Co., and American Borate Corp. Their combined aimual capacity in 1989 was reported to be 735,000 metric tons of equivalent boron oxide [1303-86-2], B2O2 (20). Of this toimage, 50% is exported. About 30% of boron compounds are used in glass fiber insulation. Another 30% is used in other type fibers and borosihcate glasses. Boron is also used in soaps and detergents, fire retardants, and agriculture (see Boron compounds). 

Because of emesis, it is unlikely that appreciable quantities of most common soaps and detergents could be ingested accidentally. 

Human Safety and Environmental dspects of Major Suf actants, NHS document PB 301193, Soap and Detergent Association, Arthur D. Litde, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., 1977. 

Detergents In Depth, 89, Soap and Detergent Assoc., New York, 1989. 

Kevised Operating Guidelines 5th Keport, The Soap and Detergent Industry Association, Hayes, Middlesex, UK, 1991. 

Tyj)e of dryer Applicable with dry-product recirculation True and colloidal solutions emulsions. Examples inorganic salt solutions, extracts, milk, blood, waste liquors, rubber latex, etc. Pumpable suspensions. Examples pigment slurries, soap and detergents, calcium carbonate, bentonite, clay sbp, lead concentrates, etc. does not dust. Recirculation of product may prevent sticking Examples filter-press cakes, sedimentation sludges, centrifuged sobds, starch, etc. 

The majority of spray dryers in commercial use employ cocurrent flow of gas and solids. Countercurrent-flow diyers are used primarily for diying soaps and detergents. Their classif ng ability is useful in these applications. Air flow is upward, cariying entrained fines from the top of the chamber. The coarse product settles and is removed... 

Trade association of manufacturers of soaps, detergents, fatty acids, and glycerine that conducts environmental and human safety research and is a clearinghouse for information on ingredients in soaps and detergents. 

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