Finland

The Occupatioml Safety and Health Inspectorates of Finland, supervised by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, are the enforcing authorities for occupational safety and health. 

Enforcement powers. The powers given to the OHS inspectors and OHS Districts are defined in the Labour Inspection Act (1973) - Laki tydsuojelun valvotmasta ja 

The district authorities for occupadoiuil safety and health carry out the practical supervision and other activities in the field of OHS. The country is divided into eleven OHS districts. Each District has one central office and several local offices. The Occiqpational Safety and Health Inspectorates employ approximately 460 p le about 360 of these do field surv at woriqihices. There are experts in different professional areas (enginemn ch istiy, law, construction engineering, nursing). 

According to the senior civil servant of the Ministry of Social Affairs d H lth interviewed, The district offices of the labour protection inspection are responsible for the enforcing the limit values. The inspectors seldom study the compliance with the OELs as a separate issue om other issues. I do not remember a case here [in which] the sole excess of an OEL would have been the[exclusive] reason for enforcement measures by the authority. The air concentration values in excess of the OELs are usually used as evidence of failure of the safety programme of the anployer . 

ISI requirements are specified in Regulatory Guides given by Radiation and Safety Authority, STUK. Guides follow ASME XI requirements. Additional inspections are performed if technical reasons appear or service experiences indicate some reason to increased frequency of inspection. 

Since there are only two BWRs units in the country, based on national and international experience, the requirements of ASME Section XI and limitations specific to 

Section 6.3 provides inspection and maintenance practices in place to manage the ageing of RPVIs important to safety previously identified as being potentially susceptible to degradation. 

IGSCC has been evaluated to be a potentially significant degradation mechanism for the core plate. Inspection of locations where IGSCC could occur, such as in fillet welds underneath the core plate, is not currently performed due to limited access. 

Core plate assembly cracking could result in anomalies in core flow dP measurements or abnormal vibrations. However, such indications could be found to be unreliable, so detection of cracking during operation would be improbable. Nevertheless, the structural redundancy the core plate assembly and the interaction of the core plate with adjacent structures leads to the conclusion that cracking at most locations would not adversely impact the safety function. 

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The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, Transvaal, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum. 

L. Nitnimaki and. R. Orjans, Chem. Eng. Sjmp. Series 78(1), 63 (1971) Kemira Eiquid—Eiquid Extraction, Bulletin, Kemira Oy, Helsinki, Finland. 

S. Shibata, T. Kitagawa, and M. Horiguchi, "WhoUy Synthesized Fluorine-Doped SUica Optical Fiber by the Sol-Gel Method," in Technica/Digest of the 13th European Conference on Optica/ Communication, He/sinki, Fin/and, Association of Electrical Engineers of Finland, Helsinki, 1987, pp. 147—150. 

Fig. 4. Classification of flotation machine types and examples of brand names. Numbers indicate countries of origin of machines. 1, United States 2, Germany 3, United Kingdom 4, Norway 5, France 6, Finland 7, Sweden 8, Canada 9, former USSR 10, AustraUa and 11, South Africa. Ref. 15.

Vehicle testing is the best way to determine low temperature requirements. These tests can be carried out in environmentally controlled facilities under strictly defined conditions or in actual use. Many companies and industry groups carry out customer tests in cold climates such as northern Canada or Finland. 

The octahydrate of sodium peroxide [12136-94-6] Na202 8H20, was made commercially ia Finland ia the 1950s (5) by reaction of hydra2oben2ene and sodium ethoxide ... 

R. A. Reimer and co-workers, paper presented at the 6th International Workshop on Nitrous Oxide Emissions, Turku/Abo, Finland, June 7—9, 1994, 25... 

Pulp production and per capita consumption of paper and board for 1992 is shown in Table 8. The United States, Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Norway make up the North American and Scandinavian (NORSCAN) countries and produced about 63% (22.8 million tons) of the world output. Market share is growing for producers in Latin and South America, Western Europe, Asia, and Africa. These areas provide low cost pulp from state-of-the-art mills. Mills in the third world countries often enjoy the benefits of plentiful, fast-growing tree species, such as eucalyptus and tropical pines, and lower operating and labor costs (3). 

Rosin and its derivatives are economically the most important natural resins. Approximately 1150 x 10 metric tons of these materials are produced annually and sold throughout the world. The principal producers are the People s RepubHc of China (ca 40%) and the United States (ca 25%), followed by Russia. Most of the remainder is produced in Indonesia, Portugal, Finland, India, Bra2il, and Mexico. In 1996, the lowest grades of rosin were priced at 750/t. Most rosin is converted to its many derivatives to meet requirements for industrial appHcations. The principal producers of rosin derivatives are Ari2ona Chemical Company, Hercules Incorporated, Westvaco, Union Camp, and Georgia-Pacific. 

Chromatographic separation of diluted molasses streams into a high purity fraction suitable for concentration and crystallization and a second low purity by-product, which can be concentrated and sold as an animal feed product, has been employed in Finland since the 1970s and in the United States since the mid-1980s. Since the early 1990s, production of sugar from beet molasses has almost tripled, and the trend is expected to continue for the next two years to consume most of the domestic beet molasses (Fig. 7) (3,9). 

According to statistics collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (3), U.S. production of cmde talc in 1995 was 1,050,000 metric tons. Montana, Texas, Vermont, and New York were the principal producing U.S. states. Worldwide production was estimated to be 5,845,000 t. China, having 2,400,000 t, was the largest producer in the world after China and the United States, Finland, India, Brazil, France, Italy, and Canada are the next principal producers. World production of talc in 1994 is Hsted in Table 1. 

In many parts of the world, eg, China and northern Canada, block talc is used by the native artisans as a carving material and some of the sculptures produced ate widely treasured. Block talc is also used for manufacture of fireplaces in Finland and Vermont. Machined talc pencils have been used for marking steel during processing since the 1890s. 

Distillation. Separation of rosin from fatty acids is an essential step in utilizing CTO. The basic patent for tall oil distillation was granted in 1911 and the first commercial plant was constmcted in Kotka in 1913 (21), making Finland the birth place of the tall oil industry. In the United States,... 

Tantalum [7440-25-7] atomic number 73, is the heaviest element in Group 5 (VA) of the Periodic Table. This tough, ductile, silvery gray metal has an atomic weight of 180.948 amu. The element was discovered by A. K. Ekeberg in 1802 in minerals taken from Kimito, Finland, and Ytterby, Sweden (1). 

Turpentine from the western United States is different from that of the southern states in that it contains 3-carene ranging from 12—43%, depending on the species of pine tree. Indian turpentine also contains about 60% 3-carene and about 15% of the sesquiterpene longifolene. Turpentine from Sweden, Finland, CIS, and Austria all contain 3-carene however, a- and P-pinene are commercially the most important components of the turpentines. 

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