Explosives Finland

Kjaldman, L., and R. Huhtanen. 1985. Simulation of flame acceleration in unconfined vapor cloud explosions. Research Report No. 357. Technical Research Centre of Finland. 

In a retrospective study of 148 cases of occupational eye injuries in Germany, ocular bums (not specified as chemical or other etiology) comprised 15.5% of the total [10]. In another German study of 101 patients with 131 severely burned eyes, 72.3% of the injuries were work-related, 84.2% were chemical injuries, and 79.8% of these were due to alkalis [11], Of 42 cases of alkali ocular bums admitted to a German eye clinic between 1985 and 1992, 73.8% involved industrial accidents [19]. In Finland in 1973,11.9% of all industrial accidents were ocular injuries and bums comprised 3.6% of these (chemical or other injury mechanism not specified) [12]. A 7-year retrospective Australian study of 182 industrial bums found that 5.5% were ocular bums due to chemicals, gas explosions, and electric flashes (percentages not specified) [30]. In a 4-year hospital-based study in Taiwan, of 486 patients with eye injuries, 39.9% were work-related [20]. Chemical ocular bums accounted for 19.6% of these injuries [20],... 

One of the leading explosives factories in Europe. Vihtavuori Works in Finland, has developed a modern process for the manufacture of primers after the explosion in 1961 [180]. The main novelty being remote control. 

As a consequence of the disastrous accident in Lapua, Finland, in 1976 [11], where an explosion in a cartridge loading facility killed 40 and injured more than 70 persons, the safety of similar installations in Swiss ammunition factories was examined. After some immediate safety measures had been taken—derived from a purely qualitative analysis—the question remained whether the present manual supply should be replaced by a pneumatic system similar to the new one in Lapua. 

Report on the Explosion Accident at the Lapua Cartridge Factory in Finland, 13th April 1976... 

Garcez, TV, Almeida, A.T. de. 2012. Multiple Dimension Manhole Explosion in an Underground Electrical Distribution System. In 11th International Probabi-Ustic Safety Assessment and Management Conference and the Annual European Safety and Reliability Conference 2012 (Vol. 6, pp. 4893-4899). Helsinki, Finland Curran Associates, Inc. (Dec 2012). 

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