Ethanol Finland

Solvent eontaining formaldehyde resin paints and laequers have been used extensively in Nordie furniture and wood product industry. In flie early 1980 s, eombined solvent concentration and especially formaldehyde levels often exeeeded the OELs. The OEL violations became rare in the late 1980 s. The recent concentrations of other solvents than ethanol (even its mean eoneentration was only 17 ppm) have been below 10 ppm in Finland. Nowadays, solventless acrylics are mainly used for industrial wood coatings. This substitution has, however, ereated a new occupational health problem. The new products have eaused many eases of dermal sensitization among exposed workers. 

This method of drying was recently studied at the Forest Products Laboratory of the Technical Research Center of Finland (Pajunen et al., 1988 Salin, 1991). The small-scale laboratory tests were carried out with pine sapwood and heartwood Pirns silvestris) as well as with birch Betula verrucosa) and spruce (Picea abies) veneer. The wood samples were 25 x 25 x 80 mm, and the veneer samples were 1.5 X 90 X 95 mm. The solvents used were methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol at their boiling points. The tests were performed with green wood using various combinations of treatment time from 0.5 to 12 hours and solvent-to-wood mass ratios ranging from 4 to 12. 

Screenwashes were typically 50 50 methanol and water but now usually contain typically 10-50% isopropanol although some mixed propanols are also used (w-propanol and isopropanol). In a small number of formulations, ethanol is used in similar proportions to isopropanol. Ethanol is the favoured alcohol in the Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden and Finland) where prices of isopropanol and ethanol are comparable. Methanol is used in the USA, where price is the dominant factor. Some changes are taking place as formulations based on isopropanol/ethanol are now comparable in price to the normal 20-30% methanol-based systems. The green benefits of using ethanol from renewable fermentation sources is also causing a small but discernible shift. 

Approximately 450 jjL serum-free DMEM and 50 pL CCK-8 solution were added to each sample, followed by incubation at 37 °C for 3 h to form water-soluble formazan. The supernatant was transferred into a 96-weU plate, and the optical density (OD) at 450 and 630mn was determined using a microplate reader (Multiskan MK3, Thermo Labsystems, Finland), with six parallel experiments of each sample used to assess cell viabihty. The adhered cells on films and scaffolds were fixed with 2.5% glutaralde-hyde (Alfa-Aesar) at 4°C for 12h. After thorough washing with PBS, cells adhered on films and scaffolds were dehydrated in an ethanol-graded series (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%) for 15min each and allowed to dry via lyophilization to be used for SEM observations. 

Aeroxide (Ti02) from Degussa was used as received. It is chiefly anatase (with a small admixture of mtile), the particle diameter is 30 nm, the BET specific surface area is about 50 m /g, and the PZC and lEP is about 6.5 [11]. Methanol (>99.8 %, <0.02 % water) was from Baker, and ethanol (94 % by mass) was from Altia, Rajamaki, Finland. Water was MilliQ. Oxalic acid dihydrate (>99.5 %) was from Fluka. 

In the United States, for instance. Volumetric Excise Tax Credits for the blending of fuel ethanol and biodiesel are being provided to biofuel producers under the American Jobs Creation Act since 2004. In the European Union, the Energy Taxation Directive permits exemptions or reductions from energy taxation for biofuels (Directive 2003/96/EC). Currently, nearly all EU member states (with the exception of Finland and the Netherlands) provide partial or total tax exemptions or deduction, most aimed at hnal consumption (European Commission, 2011). Because the tax exemption has an upper bound equal to the acmal level of the fossil fuel tax, the instrument has proven to be highly effective in those EU member states with fossil fuel tax levels high enough to compensate for the additional production costs of biofuels (Wiesenthal et al., 2009). 

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