Phosphates Finland

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1997) has not proposed any occupational exposure limit for tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate. Finland, Sweden and France have a carcinogen notation (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

In most other countries regulations or recommendations for a decrease of the radon daughter concentrations in homes have not been established. In USA and Canada limits have been given only for special cases, for example building on waste from uranium and phosphate industries (Atomic Energy Control Board, 1977 EPA, 1979 EPA, 1980). In Finland, there are general recommendations for homes (Finnish Radon Commission, 1982). 

A confluent monolayer of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was grown in 96-well plates. Serial tenfold dilutions in minimal essential medium were prepared from the aliquots of allantoic fluid taken from the irradiated specimen. These dilutions were applied to MDCK cells and incubated for 48 h at 36 °C in 5% C02. The cells were then washed two times for 5 min with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated for 1 h with 100 pi of 0.5 mg/ml solution of 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazolyl-2) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, ICN Biochemicals Inc., Aurora, Ohio). After lh, the colored deposit was dissolved in 100 pi DMSO, and optical density in the wells was measured on plate reader Victor 1420 (Perkin Elmer, Finland). Based on the data obtained, the infectious titer of the vims was determined as a decimal logarithm of reciprocal to the dilution of the specimen causing destruction of 50% of cells. The inhibiting action of irradiation was evaluated by decreasing the vims titer. 

TRIPHYLITE. This mineral is a phosphate of lithium and ferrous iron, LiFePC>4. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, but usually is characterized by large clcavablc masses. The hardness is 4.5-5.0 specific gravity, 3.42-3.56, vitreous lo resinous luster, translucent, and bluegray color. The mineral occurs as a rare primary mineral in granitic pegmatites and. when available in large quantities, is a source of lithium. Worldwide occurrences include Bavaria, Finland, Sweden, and in the United States, New Hampshire. Maine, and South Dakota. 

G. I. Vorob eva, S. P. Grigor eva, I. S. Kulaev and G. N. Maksimova (1973). Studies on the regularities of phosphate metabolism in yeasts cultivated on hydrocarbons, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Special Symposium on Yeasts, Otaniemi, Helsinki, Finland, p. 51. 

Figure 23.7 presents a simplified mid-1980s flow diagram for the Siilinjarvi phosphate beneficiation plant in Finland. The low-grade igneous ore to this plant is carefully blended to avoid changes in plant feed characteristics. Liberation of phosphate is achieved by rod milling followed by closed... 

CL was determined in Fluoroskan Ascent FL (j he,rm.oLabsystems, Finland) at 25 °C and 37 °C in phosphate buffer pH 7.6. Chemiluminescent reaction was initiated by the injection of hydrogen peroxide in solution of CL compound in the presence of CUSO4 or HRP. The solution of NaOCl is quite unstable at room temperature. In order to minimize the effect of NaOCl decomposition, the stock solution was defrosted immediately before priming the automatic dispenser and solution was kept on ice. The photodynamic effect was initiated by the irradiation of the solution of photosensitizer by a semiconductor laser (Lasotronic pocket therapy laser, power 50 mW, wavelength 670 nm). All manipulations with chlorophyll a and /0-carotene were done in the dark room and the extracts were kept at -20 °C to minimize degradation processes. All measurements were performed in a volume of 2(X) pL. 

Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Finland. 

Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Finland. Characterization of a new variant with severe enzyme deficiency. 

Botation of calcareous and dolomitic phosphate ores seems to be the most economically viable technical alternative. However, selective flotation of carbonates from phosphate is rather difficult due to the similarity in the physico-chemical properties of carbonate and phosphate minerals. Carbonatc/phosphate separation by flotation is commercially used in Finland and Braal to treat igneous phosphate ores. 

There are processes allowing, through the concentration of the phosphoric acid, sedimentation of the uranium in the form of yellow cake" however, the process is not economically viable. The analytical review of NPK produced in Finland has shown that the annual contribution of U-238 contained in NPK fertilizers was about 0.25% of the total U naturally occurring in the surfece 10 cm of soil layer. Similar results have been reported in Belgium where it was found that Ra-226 contamination in phosphate fertilizers added to the soil represents only 0.25% for 14 kg/ha of P and 0.96% for M kg/ha of P of the total Ra-226 in the iqDper 20-cm layer of the soil [22]. 

Apatite also occurs (less abundantly) as igneous phosphate rock which is highly crystalline and much purer than sedimentary phosphorite. Commercially important igneous rock formations of crystalline fluorapatite are found in the Kola peninsula (Khibiny) of Russia, South Africa (Palabora), Brazil (Jacupiranga) with smaller deposits in Uganda, Finland, South Norway and South Sweden. All these deposits, however, at present account for less than 15% of the world total of mined apatite. 

Vanadium is widely distributed in the earth s crust having an abundance of 0.02% by weight. It is found combined in various minerals, coal, and petroleum. It is present in phosphate rock, in some iron ores, and in certain cmde oils in the form of organic complexes. An important source of the vanadium-bearing mineral patronite, which was found in coal at Mina Raga, Peru, has been materially depleted [12]. The world leaders in vanadium production are the United States, the former Soviet Union, South Africa, Namibia, Finland, Norway, and Chile [13]. 

In this work polymers films made out of acrylic dispersions, such as Forcit , Finland, AlO (acrylic-styrene dispersion), A2001, A30, Lentex A4, Russia, were investigated. Aciylic dispersions were mixed with organie and inorganic fillers. A well-known in Russia fertilizer Rastvorin A (which is a mixture of salts, i.e. sulphate, phosphate and nitrate of ammonium and magnesimn) was taken as inorganie filler, and waste of grain production (which is... 

Activity of plasmin-like enzymes was measured with synthetic peptide substrate -Tos-Gly-Pro-Lys-p-nitroanilide ("Serva", Germany). Tear samples (5-25 (jl ) were placed into microliter plate wells. 150 fil of 0.05 M K-phosphate (pH 7.9) and 40 /il of substrate (2.4 mg/ml) were added in plate well for reaction initiation. Microtiter plate was diermostated at 250 °C. Optical density changes were measured using Microrider (Uniscan 11, Labsystems, Finland) at 405 nm. Measurements were made for 3-4 times during 5 hours. Plasmin-like activity of tear was calculated as tangent of slop of line in coordinates optical density via time. For accurate calculation we used a special software -Enzfitter (version 1.05 - EGA). We determined arbitrary unit of plasmin-like activity of tear as change of 1.0 unit of optical density per minutes per 1 ml of tear. 

The sol-gel-derived silica (xerogel) has been found to be bioactive, or to possess the ability to form calcium phosphates on the surface in the simulated body fluid (SBF) (Kokubo, 1994 Cho, 1995). This fact suggested that the sol-gel-silica can be used as temporary implants, fillers or drug-delivery devices in bone-repair. From this sense, a research group in Finland has been studying the applicability of the sol-gel-derived silica fibers in the medical field. 

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol. The aldehyde group (C = O) of the pentose sugar—5-carbon sugar—xylose is replaced by a hydroxyl group (OH). It can be made from birchwood chips, berries, leaves and mushrooms. Xylitol is commercially produced in Finland from birchwood chips hydrolyzed by acid to xylose. In the body, xylitol is formed as an intermediate during the formation of xylulose. Ingested xylitol is also converted to xylulose. Xylulose then enters the pentose-phosphate cycle of carbohydrate metabolism. 

The types of igneous deposits in which commercially important concentrations of apatite have been found are nepheline-seyenite and carbonatites. The world s largest apatite deposit, located in Russia s Kola Peninsula, is associated with nepheline-seyenite. Carbon-atite deposits that are mined for their phosphate content include Siilinjarvi in Finland, Araxa and Jacupiranga in Brazil, and Phalaborwa in South Africa. By-product recovery from carbonatite ores is common. At Siilinjarvi, by-product calcite is recovered for use as agricultural lime, whereas copper concentrate and baddeleyite (zirconium oxide) are byproducts at Phalaborwa. 

Igneous apatites could also serve as lanthanide sources byproduct lanthanides have been recovered from a vein-type occurrence of apatite in Finland. Many igneous apatite ores are mined for fertilizer in Brazil, South Africa, and the U.S.S.R., but in none of these operations are the lanthanides extracted. More than enough tonnage of lanthanides is presently being discarded during phosphate production than is needed to meet current world needs for those elements. 

Volborth, A. (1954). Phosphate Minerals from the Lithium Pegmatite in the Viitaniemi, Eraejaervi, Central Finland. Geologica Geographia, Series A3, 90 pp. 

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