Human exposure dietary

Berry MR, Johnson LS, Jones JW, et al. 1997. Dietary characterizations in a study of human exposures in the lower Rio Grande Valley I. Foods and beverages. Environ Int 23 675-692. 

To define the beneficial (or adverse) effects of dietary phytochemicals research is required which can study effects at doses that reasonably reflect likely human exposures and which will ... 

The question of acceptable soil levels in waterway sediments was resolved by linking such levels to the human exposure route of fish ingestion. The fishermen involved do not require the fish they catch to provide a major portion of their diet. Thus, a safe-sided estimate of their fish dietary intake was set... 

Importantly, past and present human exposure to PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs results primarily from their transfer along the pathway atmospheric emissions air deposition -> terrestrial/aquatic food chains - human diet. Information from food surveys in industrialized countries indicates a daily intake of PCDD/PCDFs on the order of 50-200 pg I-TEQ/person per day for a 60 kg adult, or 1-3 pg I-TEQ/kg bw per day. If dioxin-like PCBs are also included, the daily total TEQ intake can be higher by a factor of 2-3. Recent studies from countries that started to implement measures to reduce dioxin emissions in the late 1980s clearly show decreasing PCDD/PCDF and PCB levels in food and, consequently, a lower dietary intake of these compounds by almost a factor of 2 within the past 7 years. 

Human exposure to endrin may occur by ingestion, inhalation, or by dermal contact. Dermal absorption can be significant. Gastrointestinal absorption is enhanced by dietary fats. While not highly volatile, endrin-laden aerosols or dust particles can be trapped in respiratory mucus and swallowed, leading to gastrointestinal absorption. 

Considering the migration possibilities of such chemicals from their original products, complex studies were performed for classical plasticizers such as DEHP or DBP to evaluate the relevance of each pathway to human exposure assessments. Therefore, the total exposure of adults of such plasticizers was evaluated by quantifying the target substances in duplicate diet portions (collected daily over 7 consecutive days), and also by measuring indoor air and dust concentrations [129]. The results indicate that dietary exposure is the dominant... 

Reports of the release of coumarin to the environment through various waste streams are scant. The maximum total daily human exposure to coumarin has been estimated to be 0.06 mg/kg bw, comprising 0.02 mg/kg bw per day from dietary exposure, and 0.04 mg/kg bw per day from fragrance use in cosmetic products (Lake, 1999). 

Roseling, H. 1994. Measuring effects in humans of dietary cyanide exposure to sublethal cyanogens from Cassava in Africa. Acta Hort. 375, 271-283. 

If an analytic method lacks sufficient specificity, chemical interferences will result in an erroneously high reported concentration. If a measured chemical is introduced as an artifactual contaminant during sample collection or analysis, reported concentrations will also be overestimated. For example, credibly estimating human exposure to phthalates was hindered by the difficulties involved in avoiding specimen contamination with these ubiquitous chemicals the problem was resolved by focus on the much less prevalent metabolic product, the phthalate half-ester (Silva et al. 2004). Alternatively, a chemical measured as a marker of exogenous exposure may be identical with a chemical formed by an unrelated endogenous metabolic pathway. In each of those cases, a rigorous laboratory-method validation should detect the problem before data are reported. More subtly, the measured biomarker of exposure may be chemically identical with a dietary... 

A recent review by the USEPA of atrazine (USEPA, 2006) concluded that dietary exposure to atrazine and its chlorinated metabolites is low. The extremely low frequency and magnitude of detectable triazine residues in monitoring surveys of more than 250000 commodity samples confirm that human exposure to triazines through the diet is minimal. 

---