Extraction 24 fatty acid composition

Lipids were extracted from MDEs and seeds the using a Bligh Dyer type extraction. Fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction was determined using capillary GC after methylation of the fatty acids. Levels of ABA were determined using an indirect immunoassay with oxime-coupled ABA as plate coating as described elsewhere (Wilmer et al., submitted). 

Exposures of 10 weeks (5 days/week) to 2,500 mg/kg/day trichloroethylene in com oil by gavage resulted in altered myelin thickness in the rat mental nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve (Barret et al. 1991). Effects of similar exposures on the rat trigeminal nerve included decreased fiber diameter and altered fatty acid composition in total lipid extracts, indicative of demyelination (Barret et al. 1992). Stronger effects were seen with the trichloroethylene decomposition product dichloroacetylene. 

After the extraction of lipid and nonlipid components from the leaves of mandarin orange Citrus reticulata, the lipid fraction was further separated by PTLC to determine different lipid classes that affect the chemical deterrence of C. reticulata to the leaf cutting ecat Acromyrmex octopinosus. These lipids seem to be less attractive to the ants [81a]. The metabolism of palmitate in the peripheral nerves of normal and Trembler mice was studied, and the polar lipid fraction purified by PTLC was used to determine the fatty acid composition. It was found that the fatty acid composition of the polar fraction was abnormal, correlating with the decreased overall palmitate elongation and severely decreased synthesis of saturated long-chain fatty acids (in mutant nerves) [81b]. 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol extract of the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active, LDjf, 0.75 g/kg"" " . Ethanol extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/animal, was active. Water extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/ animal, was active " . Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice, was active, LDjf, 2.30 g/kgf" " . Tricarboxylate carrier influence. Oil, administered to rats at a dose of 15% of the diet for 3 weeks, produced a differential mitochondrial fatty acid composition and no appreciable change in phospholipids composition and cholesterol level. Compared with coconut oil-fed rats, the mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier activity was markedly decreased in liver mitochondria from fish oil-fed rats. No difference in the Arrhenius plot between the two groups was observed "". 

Comparative studies of the fatty acids compositions of olive (Olea europaea) oil extracted from pulp and kernel. OE046 Gartenbauwissenschaft 1991 56(1) ... 

Accurate determination of lipids in foods is required for nutritional labeling, certification, or for evaluation of standard of identity and uniformity, as well as examination of their effects on functional and nutritional properties of foods. Following lipid extraction and precise quantitative analysis, lipids so obtained may be used for analysis of other lipid characteristics and properties provided that nondestructive and mild extraction procedures are employed that retain the integrity of lipids. Thus, determination of lipid classes, fatty acid composition (unit du), and oxidative state of lipids (Chapter D2), amongst others, may be pursued following the extraction process. 

The extraction of seed with ether yields a dark green, fatty oil. The major fatty acid is oleic acid, which is followed by pet-roselinic acid. The fatty acid composition is indicated in Table 18.1. 

Lipids from dry seed were extracted and the quantity of availability was around 4.4%, consisting of 85.4% neutral lipids, 5.1% glycolipids and 9.5% phospholipids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids indicated oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids to be the major components (Hemavathy, 1991). 

A practically odourless clear oil with a faint yellow tinge. Inexpensive, thin and non-oily it is especially suitable for blending with other carriers. Extracted from the seeds, which have a long tradition in culinary applications. The oil is available in a range of qualities and is also a favourite for cooking but this is the highly refined oil, which is not usually recommended for aromatherapy. External use is believed to be beneficial for skin problems such as ulcers, bruises, acne and seborrhoea. Fatty acid composition linoleic acid (up to 74%), oleic acid (up to 15%), palmitic acid (up to 6.4%), stearic acid (4.2%), linolenic acid (0.2%) and palmitoleic acid (0.1%). It is also high in vitamins A, B-com-plex, D and E, with minerals calcium, potassium, iron, zinc and phosphorus. Considered to be a safe oil with no reported contraindications. 

The methods described above have been used principally to quantify FFAs in cheese, but can be used for other milk products with some slight modifications. All the above methods use internal standards (typically FFAs which are not present in milk fat), and the recovery of all FFAs is based on the recovery of these internal standards. It is best to use both volatile and non-volatile FFAs as internal standards. Currently, the International Standard for the extraction of lipids and lipo-soluble compounds from milk and milk products is ISO 14156 (ISO, 2001) and involves solvent extraction. Determination of the fatty acid composition of milk fat involves the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by transesterification (ISO, 2002a), followed by quantification by GC (ISO, 2002b). 

Bhaskar, N., Hosokawa, M., and Miyashita, K. 2004c. Growth inhibition of human pro-myelocytic leukemia (9HL-60) cells by lipid extracts of marine alga Sargassam marginatum (fucales, Phaeophyta) harvested off Goa (west coast of India) with special reference to fatty acid composition. Indian J. Marine Sci., 33, 355-360. 

The fatty/waxy products contained the lipophilic substances, including fatty oils, waxes, resins and colorants. Valuable pharmacological effects were proved for some minor constituents of these products (e.g. triterpenes, diterpenes, sterols and carotenoids). Thin layer chromatography and on-line UV-VIS spectroscopy were used for the quick identification and quantity determination of these compounds using authentic samples as standards. The SFE method proved favorable in terras of both extraction yield and speed of carotenoids. The CO2 extracts of the lavandin, clary sage and thyme have been enriched in triterpenic compounds (a-es P-amyrin, oleanic acid, ursolic acid, etc.) and phytosterols. Both free and esterified triterpenoids were present in the extracts of the different samples. Furthermore camosol and other diterpenes were detected in the SFE extract of Lamiaceae plants. The fatty acid composition was only slightly different for extracts obtained by SFE and conventional hexane extraction. 

Palm-kernel oil is produced from the kernels of the oil palm, usually by solvent extraction and is an important lauric oil (see also coconut oil. Section 5.3). Its fatty acid composition is detailed in Table 2(b). Annual production is about 2.3 million tons. The kernels originate mainly in the oil palm growing areas of Malaysia and Indonesia and are crushed almost entirely in the country of origin (28, 29). 

The fatty acid composition of camelina oil can be influenced by both environment and variety, although the effects detected were small. Nine varieties were tested, and the maximum differences between oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid levels were 3%, 2.4%, and 2.2%, respectively (76). Also, a 2% less linolenic acid was observed in camelina grown during a dry warm year compared with the normal year. Although these differences are statistically significant, they are relatively small in absolute terms and have no significant effect on the properties of the extracted oil (68, 50, 76). 

TABLE 2. Major Lipid Ciasses of Crude Bran Oii Extracted from Raw Rice Bran and Their Fatty Acid Composition (14). 

The fact that the phospholipid composition of sunflower depends on the oil extraction method and the degumming treatment used to remove them explains the differences in the reported compositions in the literature. Phospholipid compositions of sunflower oil are shown by type in Table 20 (136, 139-141). The overall fatty acid composition also varies widely for the same reason. Cherry and Kramer (140) report composition ranges of 11.1-31.9% of palmitic acid, 3.0-7.9% stearic acid, 13.3-17.3% oleic acid, and 42.8-68.7% linoleic acid. 

The proximate composition of almond includes 50.6% lipid, 21.3% protein, 19.7% carbohydrate, 5.3% water, and 3.1% ash (w/w) (1). The most common method for producing almond oil is hexane extraction that affords high oil yields, however, cold pressing is another commercially used procedure for almond oil production (8). Shi et al. (8) assessed the fatty acid composition of almond oil oleic acid was major fatty acid present (68%), followed by hnoleic acid (25%), palmitic acid (4.7%), and small amounts (<2.3%) of palmitoleic, stearic, and ara-chidic acids (Table 1). Almond oil is also a rich source of a-tocopherol (around 390 mg/kg) and contains trace amounts of other tocopherol isomers as well as phyl-loquinone (70pg/kg) (1). Almond oil contains 2.6g/kg phytosterols, mainly p-sitosterol, with trace amounts of stigmasterol and campesterol (1). 

Walnuts contain about 65% lipids, however, considerable differences exist among varieties (range 52-70%, w/w) (1,40). Walnuts also contain 15.8% protein, 13.7% carbohydrate, 4.1% water, and 1.8% ash (w/w) (1). The fatty acid composition of walnut oil is unique compared with other tree nut oils for two reasons walnut oil contains predominantly linoleic acid (49-63%) and a considerable amount of ot-linolenic acid (8-15.5%). Other fatty acids present include oleic acid (13.8-26.1%), palmitic acid (6.7-8.7%), and stearic acid (1.4—2.5%) (Table 5) (40). The tocopherol content of walnut oil varies among different cultivars and extraction procedures and ranges between 268 mg/kg and 436 mg/kg. The predominant tocol isomer is y-tocopherol (>90%), followed by a-tocopherol (6%), and then (3- and 8-tocopherols (41). Nonpolar lipids have been shown to constitute 96.9% of total lipids in walnut oil, whereas polar lipids account for 3.1%. The polar lipid fraction consisted of 73.4% sphingolipids (ceramides and galactosylcera-mides) and 26.6% phospholipids (predominantly phosphatidylethanolamine) (42). Walnut oil contains approximately 1.8g/kg phytosterols (1), primarily p-sitosterol (85%), followed by A-5-avenasterol (7.3%), campesterol (4.6%), and, finally, cholesterol (1.1%) (42). 

Brazil nuts Bertholletia excelsa) are widely consumed but are produced mainly in South America, with total world production estimated to be about 20,000 metric tons. Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru are the main Brazil-nut-producing nations (59). Brazil nuts are traded mainly in the form of kernels (i.e., shelled) and are used in confectionery, bakery, and health foods. Brazil nuts contain 66-69% lipid, 14.3% protein, 12.2% carbohydrate, 3.5% ash, and 3.5% water (w/w) (1, 60). Brazil nut oil is used in the areas it is produced as cooking oil and is being promoted on the export market (59). As the export value of shelled BrazU nuts is so high, usually only defective Brazil nuts (cracked and partially oxidized) are extracted for their oils that can result in oils with acid values and peroxide values as high as 5.9-mg KOH/g oil and 7.6-meq oxygen/kg oil, respectively (61). The fatty acid composition of BrazU nut oil includes 29 8% oleic acid, 30-61% linoleic acid, 14—15% palmitic acid, 6-8% stearic acid, and 0.5% myristic acid (60,62) (Table 7). 

TABLE 4. Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition of Wheat Germ Oil Extracted with SC-C02 and Soxhlet Methods. 

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