Long-chain saturated fatty acids

A compounding ingredient that enables an accelerator to exercise its maximum effect. Inorganic activators are metallic oxides (such as zinc, lead and magnesium oxides) and organic activators are long-chain saturated fatty acids, e.g., stearic and oleic. 

Watanabe, M., lida, T., Inomata, H. 2006. Decomposition of a long chain saturated fatty acid with some additives in hot compressed water. Energy Convers Manage 47 3344-3350. 

Menendez, R., R. Mas, A. M. Amor, I. Rodeiros, R. M. Gonzalez, and J. L. Alfonso. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured fibroblasts by D-003, a mixture of very long chain saturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Res... 

Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids Are Synthesized from Palmitate... 

The usual diet of ruminants consists of fresh and preserved herbage and cereals. As a result of microbial activity in the rumen, esterified dietary fatty acids are hydrolyzed, short chain fatty acids are produced by fermentation of cellulose and other polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids are hydrogenated and/or converted to geometric (trans) and positional isomers, and microbial lipids are synthesized. These activities account in part for the enormous diversity of fatty acids in milk and the unique features short-chain and a high proportion of long chain saturated fatty acids. (Patton and Jensen, 1976 Christie, 1979B). 

All of the described procedures use emulsified substrate. Although the p-nitrophenyl laurate assay cocktail is stable for 3 days at 4°C, the emulsified olive oil substrates (or other triacylglycerol-based substrate systems) should be made fresh daily and rehomogenized periodically and when separation is visually evident. Use of day-old emulsion substrate will yield increased blank values for titratable acidity, and this effectively compromises the limit of detection of activity. Emulsified substrates should be in liquid form at common assay conditions (20° to 50°C), and partially solidified substrates (those rich in long-chain saturated fatty acids) will cause interfacial irregularities and confound the assessment of lipases in ways that cannot be accounted for. 

We now explore the remarkable process by which a long-chain saturated fatty acid is converted into two-carbon units (acetate), which can be oxidized to C02 and H20 via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron-transport chain. Fatty acids that enter cells are activated to their CoA derivatives by the enzyme acyl-CoA ligase and transported into the mitochondria for /3 oxidation as we discuss later in this chapter. 

Lorenzo s oil is a 4 1 mixture of glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl trierucate. It is used in patients with adreno-leukodystrophy. The dyslipidemia in patients with adre-noleukodystrophy consists of increased blood concentrations of very-long-chain saturated fatty acids, particularly hexacosaenoic acid (C26 0). Treatment with Lorenzo s oil has tended to normalize the abnormality in the blood while the patient deteriorates. Neurological changes are unrelated to the fatty acid changes in the blood, and, moreover, erucic acid does not seem to enter the brain. It is not known whether it works. 

Malic enzyme catalyses the NADP-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate and C02 with the production of NADP which is utilized for the synthesis of long chain saturated fatty acids from malonyl CoA. 

Figure 8.3. Fatty acid composition of anhydrous milk fat and selected milk fat fractions grouped in short chain, medium chain and long chain saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. For definition of fractions, see Figure 8.1. The numbers in the bars give the percentage of the group of fatty acids. Data from Deffense (1987, Table 3).

Whitcomb RW, LinehanWM, Knazek RA. Effects of long-chain, saturated fatty acids on membrane microviscosity and adrenocorticotropin responsiveness of human adrenocortical cells in vitro. J Clin Invest 81 185-188,1988. 

Biodiesel made from feedstocks containing large concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids will have very poor cold flow properties. Less expensive feedstocks such as palm oil or tallow (see Table 1.3) may not be feasible in moderate temperature climates. In contrast, feedstocks with lower concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids yield biodiesel with more attractive cold flow properties. For example, biodiesel from canola, linseed, olive, rape-seed, and safflower oils have CP and PP close to or below 0°C (Table 1.3). 

The separation of long-chain saturated fatty acids (C16-C18) from the corresponding unsaturated fatty acids by distillation is not practical because of the proximity of their boiling points. However, both the melting points and the solubility (in organic solvents) of these two types of fatty acids are vastly different.20 These properties are used to advantage for separating mixtures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into fractions that are rich in either saturated (stearin) or unsaturated (olein) components.19a,b... 

The triglycerides of the fat consist mainly of long chain saturated fatty acids. The C02 extract is a yellow oleoresin which is semisolid at room temperatures. 

Exhibits unique surfactant and lubricant properties resulting from the liquid, long-chain, saturated fatty acid from which it is made. It can be used as a component in fiber lubricants, textile fiber processing aids and concentrated liquid fabric softeners. 

Low-temperature crystallization is based on the fact that the melting point of fatty acids changes considerably with the type and degree of unsaturation (73). At low temperatures, long-chain saturated fatty acids that have higher melting... 

High aliphatic alcohols and wax esters in which aliphatic alcohols or sterols are esterified to fatty or phenolic acids are also present in cmde vegetable oils at low levels and are partially removed in the winterization process during oil refining. Waxes, mainly esters of long-chain saturated fatty acids and a monounsaturated alcohol, especially eicosenoic alcohol, are found in crude vegetable oils such as olive, sunflower, soybean or peanut but are absent from com or rice bran oils... 

Neobee Neobee is composed of capric and caprylic acids and produced by Stepan Company (Northfield, Illinois). This class of specialty lipids includes different products. For example, Neobee 1053 and Neobee M-5 contain both capric and caprylic acids, whereas Neobee 1095 is made up of only capric acid (36). Neobee 1095 is a solid product. Therefore, in certain applications that require solid fats, this product may be suitable. Neobee 1814 is a MCT derivative made by interesterifying MCT with butter oil (37). This product contains half of the long-chain saturated fatty acids found in conventional butter oil and is suitable to replace butter oil in a variety of applications. Neobee 1814 may serve as a flavor carrier and functions as a textural component for low-fat food products (36). 

Figure 27-19a shows a model of stearic acid, a long-chain saturated fatty acid. 

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