EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT

MTS methods exploit the existence of different time scales arising from the many interactions present in the force field. For expository purposes assume... 

The mere existence of different predicted stiffnesses for different arrays leads to an important physical observation Variations in composite material manufacturing will always yield variations in array geometry and hence in composite moduli. Thus, we cannot hope to predict composite moduli precisely, nor is there any need to Approximations such as the Halpin-Tsai equations should satisfy all practical requirements. 

Based on the Smith-Ewart theory, the number of latex particles formed and the rate of polymerization in Interval II is proportional with the 0,6 power of the emulsifier concentration. This relation was also observed experimentally for the emulsion polymerization of styrene by Bartholomeet al. [51], Dunn and Al-Shahib [52] demonstrated that when the concentrations of the different emulsifiers were selected so that the micellar concentrations were equal, the same number of particles having the same size could be obtained by the same polymerization rates in Interval II in the existence of different emulsifiers [52], The number of micelles formed initially in the polymerization medium increases with the increasing emulsifier concentration. This leads to an increase in the total amount of monomer solubilized by micelles. However, the number of emulsifier molecules in one micelle is constant for a certain type of emulsifier and does not change with the emulsifier concentration. The monomer is distributed into more micelles and thus, the... 

The physical characteristics of uniform macroporous particles produced in the existence of different diluents are exemplified in Table 13. Some important results obtained in this study are summarized as follows ... 

The tetrasubstituted phthalocyanines are formed as a mixture of four structural isomers (see p 736). The description of this substitution pattern is 1,8,15,22-, neglecting the existence of different isomers. Abbreviations, like 1,4-tetrasubstituted phthalocyanine, are often used. An example of the preparation of a tetrasubstituted phthalocyanine without solvent is the formation of zinc phthalocyanine 4. 

A quantitative treatment based on the following approach has been recently given to the idea of explaining the multiplicity of desorption spectra by the existence of different desorption mechanisms rather than by different adsorption states (98, 117). Consider a surface on which an adsorption equilibrium has been established at a given temperature. On heating the surface, desorption occurs, the probability of which is composed of at... 

Due to the large number of degrees of freedom, a study of all plausible isomers would be a prohibitively cumbersome task. Even if such a complete coverage were possible the existence of different molecular species at these conditions is not likely to be governed only by thermodynamic stabilities. 

Chionochloa, known locally as snow tussock, consists of 22 species, 21 of which are native to New Zealand. The remaining species occurs in southeastern Australia and does not figure in the discussion. Studies of triterpene methyl ethers (TMEs) have revealed the existence of different chemodemes (Connor and Purdie, 1976, 1981). In some instances, it was shown that TMEs were present in populations of a given species in one part of its range but absent from others arundoin [57] (see Fig. 2.12 for structures 57-59) was identified from plants collected at Harpers... 

Indirect evidence for the existence of different conformations of H,K-ATPase has been gained by site-selective reagents. Eor example, Schrijen et al. [67,95] demonstrated that Mg increased exposure of an essential arginine residue near the ATP-binding site and Mg " caused an increase in the number of reactive sulfhydryl groups on the enzyme. 

Traps with Bio-Sep beads amended with [ Cg]-benzene and [ C]-toluene were used to assess biodegradation in an aquifer (Geyer et al. 2005). Beads were lyophilized after exposure, lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol, and the fatty acids and values analyzed. High enrichment of was observed in several fatty acids, which showed that the label from the substrates had been incorporated. In addition, there were differences in the abundance of the fatty acids in beads amended with benzene or toluene that suggested the existence of different microbial degradative populations. 

The second and third energy terms in equation (1) could be interchanged without any effect (i.e. it is impossible to say which electron fills the initial core hole and which is ejected as an Auger electron they are indistinguishable. The existence of different electronic states within the final doubly ionized atom may furthermore lead to fine structure in high-resolution spectra. 

This impossibility of reducing a complex process to single macromolecules explains the co-existence of different levels of explanation in biologists molecular descriptions. This does not mean that the nature of the molecular components is of no importance, nor that the complex functions originate only from the rules of assembly of the different macromolecular components. The organization of living beings is based both on the precise nature of the molecular components and on the way that these molecular components are assembled. 

From an industrial perspective, quantitative knowledge of the existence of different transporters within the cellular system used in screening procedures is of major importance as it can influence both the predictive value of the permeability coefficients and interpretation of the results. In addition, information on species differences or similarities or discrepancies between cell culture models and animals now provide an important basis for the scaling of data during the early phases of drug discovery for animals or humans [48]. 

The structure of a second polymorph of 4,5-diphenyl- lH-imidazole has been discussed, with the new form exhibiting significantly different phenyl/imidazole dihedral angles and mode of crystal packing relative to the known form [53], A new triclinic polymorph of 1,4-dibenzoyl-butane was found, differing from the monoclinic form in the torsional angles of the central chain [54], Two polymorphs of diphenyl-(4-pyridyl)methyl methacrylate have been found, where the molecules in the two forms contain weak C—H— n and C—H O/N contacts that lead to the existence of different conformations [55]. 

The study by Christensen and colleagues (1990) provided important direct evidence for the existence of different forms of solvated carbonate and the dramatic effect on the IR absorption frequencies that this variation in solvation has, as well as clarifying the data of Desilvestro and Pons (1989). The work again proved the worth of a technique capable of providing a... 

Another possibility for characterizing zeolite acid sites is the adsorption of basic probe molecules and subsequent spectroscopic investigation of the adsorbed species. Phosphines or phosphine oxides have been quite attractive candidates due to the high chemical shift sensitivity of 31P, when surface interactions take place [218-222]. This allows one to obtain information on the intrinsic accessibility and acidity behavior, as well as the existence of different sites in zeolite catalysts. 

The existence of different fractions of particulate substrates in terms of then-specific hydrolysis rates is an important finding that originates from investigations of wastewater and resuspended sediments (Bjerre et al 1995 Bjerre et al., 1998a Vollertsen and Hvitved-Jacobsen, 1998 Tanaka and Hvitved-Jacobsen, 1998a). Typically, two to three fractions must be considered to interpret the hydrolysis when it occurs in wastewater of sewer systems (cf. Section 3.2.6). 

An explanation of these observations was attempted in terms of the existence of different states/compartmentalisation inspired by the model proposed by Zimmerman and Brittin,15 suggesting that a spin system can be made up of a fixed number of phases with each phase characterised by an inherent relaxation rate. The relaxation observed will then depend on the rate of exchange between phases, and three situations can be outlined (i) fast, it) slow, and (Hi) intermediate exchange. 

Europium and ytterbium di-valence. The oxidation state II for Eu and Yb has already been considered when discussing the properties of a number of divalent metals (Ca, Sr, Ba in 5.4). This topic was put forward again here in order to give a more complete presentation of the lanthanide properties. The sum of the first three ionization enthalpies is relatively small the lanthanide metals are highly electropositive elements. They generally and easily form in solid oxides, complexes, etc., Ln+3 ions. Different ions may be formed by a few lanthanides such as Ce+4, Sm+2, Eu+2, Yb+2. According to Cotton and Wilkinson (1988) the existence of different oxidation states should be interpreted by considering the ionization... 

Characteristics and implementation of the treatments depend on the expected results and on the properties of the material considered a variety of processes are employed. In ferrous alloys, in steels, a eutectoid transformation plays a prominent role, and aspects described by time-temperature-transformation diagrams and martensite formation are of relevant interest. See a short presentation of these points in 5.10.4.5. Titanium alloys are an example of the formation of structures in which two phases may be present in comparable quantities. A few remarks about a and (3 Ti alloys and the relevant heat treatments have been made in 5.6.4.1.1. More generally, for the various metals, the existence of different crystal forms, their transformation temperatures, and the extension of solid-solution ranges with other metals are preliminary points in the definition of convenient heat treatments and of their effects. In the evaluation and planning of the treatments, due consideration must be given to the heating and/or cooling rate and to the diffusion processes (in pure metals and in alloys). 

Karl Landstiener was the first to demonstrate the existence of different blood group antigens in 1900. We now recognize 29 different blood group systems comprising over 250 antigens, but the most well known are the ABO (also known as ABH) and rhesus (Rh) systems. 

We shall not go into the question of the existence of different alkaline phosphatases in the blood or their origin. 

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