Ethyl hydrate

Synonyms Ethanol algrain anhydrol ethyl hydrate ethyl hydroxide grain alcohol... 

Synonyms Alcohol, Cologne spirits, Ethanol, Ethyl hydrate, Fermentation alcohol, Grain alcohol, Rectified spirits, Spirits of wine. 

Also known as Absolute alcohol Grain alcohol Ethyl hydrate... 

Synonyms Ethyl alcohol Grain alcohol Methyl carbinol Ethyl hydrate Cologne spirit EtOH Potato alcohol... 

Ethyl hydrate—JBthylic alcohol—Methyl carbinol— Ftnic alcohol—AU cohol—vnne—O H.HO—46. 

ETHYL HYDRATE (64-17-5) Forms explosive mixture with air [flash point 55°F/13°C 68°F/20°C (80%) 72°F/22°C (60%) 79°F/26 C (40%)]. Reacts, possibly violently, with strong oxidizers, bases, acetic anhydride, acetyl bromide, acetyl chloride, aliphatic amines, bromine pentafluoride, calcium oxide, cesium oxide, chloryl perchlorate, disulfuryl difluoride, ethylene glycol methyl ether, iodine heptafluoride, isocyanates, nitrosyl perchlorate, perchlorates, platinum, potassium-terr-butoxide, potassium, potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, phosphorus(III) oxide, silver nitrate, silver oxide, sulfuric acid, oleum, sodium, sodium hydrazide, sodium peroxide, sulfinyl cyanamide, tetrachlorosilane, i-triazine-2,4,6-triol, triethoxydialuminum tribromide, triethylaluminum, uranium fluoride, xenon tetrafluoride. Mixture with mercury nitrate(ll) forms explosive mercury fulminate. Forms explosive complexes with perchlorates, magnesium perchlorate (forms ethyl perchlorate), silver perchlorate. Flow or agitation of substance may generate electrostatic charges due to low conductivity. 

OTHER names Ethanol grain alcohol alcohol ethyl hydrate... 

SYNONYMS alcohol, cologne spirit, ethanol, ethyl hydrate, ethyl hydroxide, grain alcohol, methylcarbinol, molasses alcohol. 

Lormula C2H5OH MW 46 CAS [64-17-5] Structure and fnnctional group CH3 — CH2—OH, primary —OH Synonyms ethyl alcohol ethyl hydroxide grain alcohol ethyl hydrate rectified spirits algrain absolute alcohol ethyl carbinol... 

ANHYDROL COLOGNE SPIRIT ETHANOL 200 PROOF ETHYL HYDRATE ETHYL HYDROXIDE FERMENTATION ALCOHOL... 

CAS 64-17-5 EINECS/ELINCS 200-578-6 UN 1170 (DOT) UN 1986 (DOT) UN 1987 (DOT) FEMA2419 Synonyms Absolute alcohol Absolute ethanol Distilled spirits Ethanol Ethanol, undenatured Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol, undenatured Ethyl hydrate Ethyl hydroxide EtOH Grain alcohol IMS Industrial methylated spirit Methylcarbinol Spirits of wine Definition Undenatured ethyl alcohol Empirical CjHeO Formula CH3CH2OH... 

Ethyl hydrate Ethyl hydroxide EtOH Grain alcohol IMS Industrial methylated spirit Methylcarbinol Spirits of wine Definition Undenatured ethyl alcohol Empirical CaHeO Formula CH3CH2OH... 

Ethyl hydrate. See Alcohol Ethyl hydride. See Ethane Ethyl hydrocinnamate. See Ethyl-3-phenylpropionate... 

Ethyl alcohol teihand, methyl carbinol, ethyl hydrate, grain alcohol)... 

H-4-Me 131-35615 O-benzyl (81-2)5565 O-ethyl (hydrate, 101-2)5615 O-ethyl picrate (139)56io... 

Trade Afames M Kemfluid 2 Et. ES./Tallow Ethyl hydrate Ethyl hydroxide. See Alcohol Ethyl hydroxyeth cellulose CAS 9004-584 INS467... 

Dissolve 10 g. of chloro- 2,4-dinitrobenzenet in 50 ml. of dioxan in a 250 ml. conical flask. Dilute 8 ml. of hydrazine hydrate with an equal volume of water and add this slowly with shaking to the dioxan solution, keeping the temperature between zo " and 25°. Heat under reflux for 10 minutes to complete the reaction and then add 5 ml. of ethanol and heat again for 5 minutes. Cool and filter oflF the orange 2,4-dinitrophenylhydra-zine. Recrystallise the dry product from ethyl acetate m.p. 200° (decomp.). Yield, 7 g. 

Place 1 0 ml. of hydrazine hydrate (CAUTION corrosive chemical) in a test-tube fitted with a short refiux condenser. Add 10 g. of the methyl or ethyl ester dropwise (or portionwise) and heat the mixture gently under refiux for 15 minutes. Then add just enough absolute ethanol through the condenser to produce a clear solution, refiux for a further 2-3 hours, distil oflF the ethyl alcohol, and cool. Filter oflF the crystals of the acid hydrazide, and recrystallise from ethanol, dilute ethanol or from water. 

Girard s reagent T is carbohydrazidomethyltrimethylammonium chloride (I) and is prepared by the reaction of the quaternary ammonium salt formed from ethyl chloroacetate and trimethylamine with hydrazine hydrate in alco-hoUc solution ... 

Girard s reagent P , C5H5NCH2C0NHNH2 C1. In a 1-htre threenecked flask, equipped as in the previous preparation, place 200 ml. of absolute ethyl alcohol, 63 g. (64 -5 ml.) of pure anhydrous pyridine and 98 - 5 g. (84 5 ml.) of ethyl chloroacetate. Heat the mixture under reflux for 2-3 hours until the formation of the quaternary salt is complete acidify a small test-portion with dilute sulphuric acid it should dissolve completely and no odour of ethyl chloroacetate should be apparent. Cool the mixture in ice and salt. Replace the thermometer by a dropping funnel, and add a solution of 40 g. of 100 per cent, hydrazine hydrate in 60 ml. of absolute ethanol all at once. A vigorous exothermic reaction soon develops and is accompanied by vigorous effervescence. The pro duct separates almost immediately. When cold, filter with suction, wash... 

Since 1960, the Hquid-phase oxidation of ethylene has been the process of choice for the manufacture of acetaldehyde. There is, however, stiU some commercial production by the partial oxidation of ethyl alcohol and hydration of acetylene. The economics of the various processes are strongly dependent on the prices of the feedstocks. Acetaldehyde is also formed as a coproduct in the high temperature oxidation of butane. A more recently developed rhodium catalyzed process produces acetaldehyde from synthesis gas as a coproduct with ethyl alcohol and acetic acid (83—94). 

Dichloroacetic acid is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of chloral hydrate [302-17-0] with sodium cyanide (31). It has been manufactured by the chlorination of acetic and chloroacetic acids (32), reduction of trichloroacetic acid (33), hydrolysis of pentachloroethane [76-01-7] (34), and hydrolysis of dichloroacetyl chloride. Due to similar boiling points, the separation of dichloroacetic acid from chloroacetic acid is not practical by conventional distillation. However, this separation has been accompHshed by the addition of a eotropeforming hydrocarbons such as bromoben2ene (35) or by distillation of the methyl or ethyl ester. 

Protein-Based Adhesives. Proteia-based adhesives are aormaHy used as stmctural adhesives they are all polyamino acids that are derived from blood, fish skin, caseia [9000-71 -9] soybeans, or animal hides, bones, and connective tissue (coUagen). Setting or cross-linking methods typically used are iasolubilization by means of hydrated lime and denaturation. Denaturation methods require energy which can come from heat, pressure, or radiation, as well as chemical denaturants such as carbon disulfide [75-15-0] or thiourea [62-56-6]. Complexiag salts such as those based upon cobalt, copper, or chromium have also been used. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde donors such as h exam ethyl en etetra am in e can be used to form cross-links. Removal of water from a proteia will also often denature the material. 

Automobile safety air bags use sodium azide [26628-22-8] NaN, for gas generation. It can be made from hydrazine by refluxing ethyl or Abutyl nitrite with hydrazine hydrate and sodium hydroxide in alcohol (209,210) ... 

Methyl Isopropyl Ketone. Methyl isopropyl ketone [563-80-4] (3-methyl-2-butanone) is a colorless Hquid with a characteristic odor of lower ketones. It can be produced by hydrating isoprene over an acidic catalyst at 200—300°C (150,151) or by acid-catalyzed condensation of methyl ethyl ketone and formaldehyde to 2-methyl-l-buten-3-one, foUowed by hydrogenation to the product (152). Other patented preparations are known (155,156). Methyl isopropyl ketone is used as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals and fragrances (see Perfumes), and as a solvent (157). It is domestically available from Eastman (Longview, Texas) (47). 

Methyl vinyl ketone can be produced by the reactions of acetone and formaldehyde to form 4-hydroxy-2-butanone, followed by dehydration to the product (267,268). Methyl vinyl ketone can also be produced by the Mannich reaction of acetone, formaldehyde, and diethylamine (269). Preparation via the oxidation of saturated alcohols or ketones such as 2-butanol and methyl ethyl ketone is also known (270), and older patents report the synthesis of methyl vinyl ketone by the hydration of vinylacetylene (271,272). 

Direct Hydration. The acid-catalyzed direct hydration of propylene is exothermic and resembles the preparation of ethyl alcohol from ethylene (qv). 

Because of hydrate formation, the sodium salts tend to be difficult to dry. Excess water over that of hydration is beheved to accelerate the decomposition of the xanthate salts. The effect of heat on the dryiag of sodium ethyl xanthate at 50°C has been studied (84) ... 

Ethyl chloride can be dehydrochlorinated to ethylene using alcohoHc potash. Condensation of alcohol with ethyl chloride in this reaction also produces some diethyl ether. Heating to 625°C and subsequent contact with calcium oxide and water at 400—450°C gives ethyl alcohol as the chief product of decomposition. Ethyl chloride yields butane, ethylene, water, and a soHd of unknown composition when heated with metallic magnesium for about six hours in a sealed tube. Ethyl chloride forms regular crystals of a hydrate with water at 0°C (5). Dry ethyl chloride can be used in contact with most common metals in the absence of air up to 200°C. Its oxidation and hydrolysis are slow at ordinary temperatures. Ethyl chloride yields ethyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, and some ethylene in the presence of steam with various catalysts, eg, titanium dioxide and barium chloride. 

Ethjl Silicate-Bonded Investments. These investments are mixtures of powder and Uquid. The powder consists of refractory particles of sUica glass, crystobahte, and other metal oxides plus magnesium oxide. The Uquid is a hydrated sUica, tetrasUicic acid [10193-36-9] Si [OH], that is suppUed in a stabUized form it can be developed by mixing ethyl sUicate [78-10 ] denatured ethyl alcohol [64-17-5] and hydrochloric acid [7647-01 -OJ. The binding of the powder is accompUshed by the formation of a sUica gel according to the reaction ... 

Physical properties of some commercially available polyamines appear in Table 1. Generally, they are slightly to moderately viscous, water-soluble Hquids with mild to strong ammoniacal odors. Although completely soluble in water initially, hydrates may form with time, particularly with the heavy ethyleneamines (TETA, TEPA, PEHA, and higher polyamines), to the point that gels may form or the total solution may soHdify under ambient conditions. The amines are also completely miscible with alcohols, acetone, benzene, toluene and ethyl ether, but only slightly soluble in heptane. 

There are two main processes for the synthesis of ethyl alcohol from ethylene. The eadiest to be developed (in 1930 by Union Carbide Corp.) was the indirect hydration process, variously called the strong sulfuric acid—ethylene process, the ethyl sulfate process, the esterification—hydrolysis process, or the sulfation—hydrolysis process. This process is stiU in use in Russia. The other synthesis process, designed to eliminate the use of sulfuric acid and which, since the early 1970s, has completely supplanted the old sulfuric acid process in the United States, is the direct hydration process. This process, the catalytic vapor-phase hydration of ethylene, is now practiced by only three U.S. companies Union Carbide Corp. (UCC), Quantum Chemical Corp., and Eastman Chemical Co. (a Division of Eastman Kodak Co.). UCC imports cmde industrial ethanol, CIE, from SADAF (the joint venture of SABIC and Pecten [Shell]) in Saudi Arabia, and refines it to industrial grade. 

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