Fish skin

Protein-Based Adhesives. Proteia-based adhesives are aormaHy used as stmctural adhesives they are all polyamino acids that are derived from blood, fish skin, caseia [9000-71 -9] soybeans, or animal hides, bones, and connective tissue (coUagen). Setting or cross-linking methods typically used are iasolubilization by means of hydrated lime and denaturation. Denaturation methods require energy which can come from heat, pressure, or radiation, as well as chemical denaturants such as carbon disulfide [75-15-0] or thiourea [62-56-6]. Complexiag salts such as those based upon cobalt, copper, or chromium have also been used. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde donors such as h exam ethyl en etetra am in e can be used to form cross-links. Removal of water from a proteia will also often denature the material. 

Animal (Colla) Impure gelatinous mattet of animal origin, most commonly bone glue made from hides and bones, casein glue made from skimmed milk, and fish glue made from fish skins [Hackh s... 

Mendis, E., Rajapakse, N., and Kim, S. K. (2005). Antioxidant properties of a radicals scavenging peptide purified from enzymatically prepared fish skin gelatin hydrolysate. ]. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 581-587. 

Hoki fish (skin) His-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Leu Antioxidant (2006) Mendis et al. (2005a)... 

Kim, G. H., Jeon, Y. J., Byun, H. G., Lee, Y. S., and Kim, S. K. (1998). Effect of calcium compounds from oyster shell bound fish skin gelatine peptide in calcium deficient rats. J. Korean Fish. Soc. 31,149-159. 

B. Peptides from fish skin collagen and gelatin 238... 

Gelatin is derived from the fibrous protein collagen, which is the principal constituent of animal skin, bone, and connective tissue. Fish skin waste could be used as a potential source to isolate collagen and gelatin. Zhu et al. (2010) evaluated the effect of collagen peptides on markers of metabolic nuclear receptors. 

A residue depletion study (15) in rainbow trout given both oral and bath treatments of fenbendazole, at a water temperature of 12 C, showed that the drug was partly metabolized to fenbendazole sulfoxide. Both fenbendazole and fenbendazole sulfoxide were found to accumulate in fish skin. However, both the parent drug and its metabolite were largely depleted within 96 and 24 h, respectively, posttreatment. Formation of the sulfone metabolite was not detected in any fish tissue. 

Float the grids on drops of PBST containing 1 % bovine serum albumin and 0.1% coldwater fish skin gelatin (PBST+BG) for 5 min at 37°C in a microwave oven. 

Takahashi, T. and Yokoyama, W. (1954). Physico-chemical studies on the skin and leather of marine animals - XII. The content of hydroxyproline in the collagen of different fish skins. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 20, 525-529. 

Kimura, S., Ohno, Y., Miyauchi, Y., and Uchida, N. 1987. Fish skin type I collagen Wide distribution of an a3 subunit in teleosts. Comp Biochem Physiol 88(B) 27-34. 

Another major difference between certain Arctic fishes and Antarctic notothenioids is the occurrence of a second family of AFPs in the former fishes skin AFPs. The discovery by Gong et al. (1996) that AFPs may exist within cells as well as in the extracellular fluids, and that the intracellular AFPs are encoded by a set of genes distinct from those encoding extra-... 

PBS containing 0.2% fish-skin gelatin (PBS-gelatin). For permeabilized cells (see Subheading 3.), 0.05% Saponin is added (PBS-gelatin-Sap). 

Skin is the outer covering of animals that have an inner skeleton, such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish. Skin, or integument, is the largest organ of a body. It performs many functions, not the least of which is the containment and protection of the other organs and processes inside the animal. 

Fish leather is not confined to shagreen. Theoretically any fish skin can be turned into leather, and it is ofi en stronger than its mammalian equivalent. Fish leather has been made for centuries and has proved a useful alternative in times of need, such as during the Second World War, when it was made into shoes. 

Many grades of urushi are used, depending on the different applications or decorative effects desired. (A detailed description of materials and methods may be found in Reference 8.) The sap, after removal of some water and careful filtration and cleaning, is most often coated onto a prepared core. This core is usually made of wood, but examples of leather, basketry, cloth, paper, metal, pottery, shell, horn, and fish skin may be found. Normally, many lacquer layers are built up on the core, with polishing occurring after each layer has hardened. 

Depending on the type of fish, skin may contain glands that produce mucus or poison. Mucus on the skin s streamlined surface reduces the amount of friction, or drag, a fish experiences as it swims. Poison produced and secreted by skin is an excellent deterrent against predators. 

D.L. Fabacher, E.E. Little (1998). Photoprotective substance occurs primarily in outer layers of fish skin. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res., 5,4-6. 

Table 2. Relative amount of sunscreen present in fish skin, average UV exposure time to induce sunburn, and vulnerability of fish species to UV injury compiled from Little and Fabacher [2], Ewing et al. [17], Fabacher and Little [68,74]...

Liu, L. S., Liu, C.-K., Fishman, M. L., Hicks, K. B. 2007b. Composite Films from Pectin and Fish Skin Gelatin or Soybean Flour Protein. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(6), 2349-2355. doi 10.1021/jf062612u. 

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