Methods cross-linking

Retention of native carbohydrate structure also is important in applications that utilize the conjugated polysaccharide in binding studies with receptors or lectins. In these cases, the carbohydrate should be modified at limited sites, preferentially only at its reducing end. 

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Protein-Based Adhesives. Proteia-based adhesives are aormaHy used as stmctural adhesives they are all polyamino acids that are derived from blood, fish skin, caseia [9000-71 -9] soybeans, or animal hides, bones, and connective tissue (coUagen). Setting or cross-linking methods typically used are iasolubilization by means of hydrated lime and denaturation. Denaturation methods require energy which can come from heat, pressure, or radiation, as well as chemical denaturants such as carbon disulfide [75-15-0] or thiourea [62-56-6]. Complexiag salts such as those based upon cobalt, copper, or chromium have also been used. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde donors such as h exam ethyl en etetra am in e can be used to form cross-links. Removal of water from a proteia will also often denature the material. 

The cross-linking method relies on bifimctional reagents to form intermolecular linkages between the enzyme molecules to render them insoluble. Often albumin is added as an extender and glutaraldehyde is most commonly employed. This material can then be either formed as a free standing membrane or applied to the inner surface of the dialysis membrane... 

Brunner J. (1993) New photolabeling and cross-linking methods. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 483-514. 

Hamada, H., and Tsuro, T. (1987) Determination of membrane antigens by a covalent cross-linking method with monoclonal antibodies. Anal. Biochem. 160, 483-488. 

Orlando, V., Strutt, H., and Paro, R. (1997) Analysis of chromatin structure by in vivo formaldehyde cross-linking. Methods 11, 205-214. 

Yunoki, S., Suzuki, T., and Takai, M. (2003). Stabilization of low denaturation temperature collagen from fish by physical cross-linking methods. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 96, 575-577. 

Since immunotoxin conjugates are destined to be used in vivo, their preparation involves more critical consideration of cross-linking methods than most of the other conjugation protocols described in this book. The following sections discuss the problems associated with toxin conjugates and the main cross-finking methods currendy in use for preparing them. 

Immobilise the glucose oxidase onto the platinum electrode surface with the cross-linking method as described previously for the immobilisation of enzymes on screen-printed electrodes [2],... 

B. E. Rogers, J. T. Douglas, C. Ahlem, D. J. Buchsbaum, J. Frincke, and D. T. Curiel, Use of a novel cross-linking method to modify adenovirus tropism, Gene. Ther. 4 1387 (1997). 

Su, L., Qiu, X. P., Guo, L. H., Zhang, F. H. and Tung, C. H. (2004), Amperometric glucose sensor based on enzyme-modified boron-doped diamond electrode by cross-linking method. Sensor Actuator B, 99(2-3) 499-504. 

Hennink WE and van Nostmm CF. Novel cross-linking methods to design hydrogels. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2002 54 13-36. 

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