Ethyl alcohol chemicals from

Originally, this product was obtained from the destmctive distillation of wood hence, it was termed wood alcohol. It is extremely poisonous (causes blindness). Poisoning due to methyl alcohol is almost always a case of ingestion as a substitute for ethyl alcohol—the alcohol of liquors. Rather ironically, part of the treatment for methyl alcohol poisoning consists of administering ethyl alcohol. Aside from its adverse effects when ingested, methyl alcohol is an important industrial chemical utilized for numerous processes and products. 

Chemical methods may be employed if the reagent attacks only one of the components. Thus quicklime may be employed for the removal of water in the preparation of absolute ethyl alcohol. Also aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons may be removed from mixtures with saturated hydrocarbons by sulphonation. 

Place 1 0 ml. of hydrazine hydrate (CAUTION corrosive chemical) in a test-tube fitted with a short refiux condenser. Add 10 g. of the methyl or ethyl ester dropwise (or portionwise) and heat the mixture gently under refiux for 15 minutes. Then add just enough absolute ethanol through the condenser to produce a clear solution, refiux for a further 2-3 hours, distil oflF the ethyl alcohol, and cool. Filter oflF the crystals of the acid hydrazide, and recrystallise from ethanol, dilute ethanol or from water. 

Fusel Oils. The original source of amyl alcohols was from fusel oil which is a by-product of the ethyl alcohol fermentation industry. Refined amyl alcohol from this source, after chemical treatment and distillation, contains about 85% 3-methyl-1-butanol and about 15% 2-methyl-1-butanol, both primary amyl alcohols. Only minor quantities of amyl alcohol are suppHed from this source today. A German patent discloses a distillative separation process for recovering 3-methyl-1-butanol from fusel oil (93). 

Price and Demand. In terms of production volume, isopropyl alcohol is about the fourth largest chemical produced from propylene (66). Total 1993 U.S. nameplate capacity for isopropyl alcohol production was 8.48 x 10 metric tons. The total world capacity is about 2.0 x 10 metric tons (Table 4) (126—128). The 1995 U.S. prices were 0.55/L ( 2.10/gal) for refined 91 vol % and 0.62/L ( 2.36/gal) for anhydrous alcohol (129), an increase from the 0.18/L ( 0.70/gal) average price of 1977. The price of isopropyl alcohol is driven by the price of propylene, the primary feedstock, and by the price of ethyl alcohol, a competing solvent. 

There are two main processes for the synthesis of ethyl alcohol from ethylene. The eadiest to be developed (in 1930 by Union Carbide Corp.) was the indirect hydration process, variously called the strong sulfuric acid—ethylene process, the ethyl sulfate process, the esterification—hydrolysis process, or the sulfation—hydrolysis process. This process is stiU in use in Russia. The other synthesis process, designed to eliminate the use of sulfuric acid and which, since the early 1970s, has completely supplanted the old sulfuric acid process in the United States, is the direct hydration process. This process, the catalytic vapor-phase hydration of ethylene, is now practiced by only three U.S. companies Union Carbide Corp. (UCC), Quantum Chemical Corp., and Eastman Chemical Co. (a Division of Eastman Kodak Co.). UCC imports cmde industrial ethanol, CIE, from SADAF (the joint venture of SABIC and Pecten [Shell]) in Saudi Arabia, and refines it to industrial grade. 

Figure 10-101. Maximum AT values occur at the indicated threshold of film boiling, a typical example using 100% ethyl alcohol from a clean surface. (Used by permission Cichelli, M. T. and Bonilla, C. F. Transactions. AlChE, V. 41, No. 6, 1945. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. All rights reserved.)...

However, in 1939 this difficulty was obviated by Brauns extraction of about 3% lignin from spruce wood by means of the solvent, ethyl alcohol, at room temperature (9). He termed this preparation native lignin. It was found to be soluble in methanol, ethanol, dioxane, dilute sodium hydroxide and pyridine, and insoluble in water, ether, petroleum ether and benzene. Chemically it behaved the same as lignin as it exists in woody tissues. It also reduced Fehling s solution and gave a strong... 

Ammoniacal ethanol is prepared by chilling ten liters of anhydrous denatured ethyl alcohol as commercially purchased in a freezer to well below 0° C. Next, 600 to 750 ml of liquid ammonia is drawn from a pressure cylinder into a 1000 ml graduate in a well ventilated area. The contents of the graduate are carefully poured into the chilled alcohol. The solution is then stirred to mix and warmed to room temperature. The solution should be at least two molar as determined by titration against standard acid solution to a methyl red endpoint. If titration is to be attempted, a little methyl red should be added to the chemical list. 

The conversion of ethyl alcohol by way of acetaldehyde into acetic acid is the chemical expression equivalent to acetic fermentation. In this process the acetic bacteria utilise atmospheric oxygen in order to bind the hydrogen. That the hydrogen which has to be removed is activated, and not the oxygen (as was formerly thought), is shown by experiments in which oxygen is eaxluded and replaced by quinone the bacteria produce acetic acid from alcohol as before and the quinone is reduced to hydroquinone. 

The chemical uses for ethylene prior to World War II were limited, for the most part, to ethylene glycol and ethyl alcohol. After the war, the demand for styrene and polyethylene took off, stimulating ethylene production and olefin plant construction. Todays list of chemical applications for ethylene reads like the WTiat s What of petrochemicals polyethylene, ethylbenzene (a precursor to styrene), ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, alpha olefins, and linear alcohols are some of the more commercial derivatives of ethylene. The consumer products derived from these chemicals are found everywhere, from soap to construction materials to plastic products to synthetic motor oils. 

Apparatus and Procedure for Solubility Measurement. Chemicals used were ethyl alcohol of special grade reagent and qulzalofop-ethyl crystal of purity 99.5%, specific rotatory power 99.5% e.e. a-form crystal of qulzalofop-ethyl was prepared by cooling crystallization at 283K from the qulzalofop-ethyl solution (5 gr. of qulzalofop-ethyl was dissolved In 100 gr. of ethyl alcohol.) 8-form crystal was also prepared In the same way at 313K from the solution In which 25 gr. of qulzalofop-ethyl was dissolved In 100 gr. of ethyl alcohol. 

Ethyl alcohol, also called ethanol, absolute alcohol, or grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor. It is associated primarily with alcoholic beverages, but it has numerous uses in the chemical industry. The word alcohol is derived from the Arabic word al kuhul, which was a fine powder of the element antimony used as a cosmetic. In Medieval times, the word al kuhul came to be associated with the distilled products known as alcohols. The hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon, characterizes alcohols. Ethyl is derived from the root of the two-carbon hydrocarbon ethane. 

Other important raw material uses of ethyl alcohol are conversion to esters and ethers, vinegar, ethyl chloride, butadiene, styrene, and chloral (for DDT). Nearly all the new developments in chemicals from ethyl alcohol, particularly the four-, six-, and eight-carbon derivatives are based on alcohol derived from petroleum. The butyl alcohol and butyl acetate so made supplement the production by fermentation and from oxidation of hydrocarbons and synthesis gas operations. The consumption of ethyl alcohol for all industrial uses (denatured alcohol) exceeded 1.2 billion pounds (100% basis) in 1950. More than 700,000,000 pounds of this were made from petroleum. 

An interesting case of interproduct competition is that of the four original lacquer solvents—ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate. These were once produced mainly by fermentation processes, but today all are also produced by synthesis from petroleum hydrocarbons. Moreover, in the past 30 years solvents have been developed from petroleum sources which are competing successfully with these materials even though the new compounds are not identical in all properties isopropyl alcohol competes with ethyl alcohol methyl isobutyl carbinol and n-propyl alcohol can replace butyl alcohol methyl ethyl ketone to a large extent supplants ethyl acetate and methyl isobutyl ketone can be substituted for butyl acetate. Thus, petroleum aliphatic chemicals have served both by displacement of source and replacement of end product to supplement and to compete with the fermentation solvents. 

Reductive hydrolysis of n-butyl nitrate in an aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol in the presence of sodium hydrosulphide or ammonium hydrosulphide has been carried out by Merrow, Cristol and van Dolah [41], This is a complicated chemical reaction. As the result of hydrolysing the nitrate in the presence of sodium hydro-sulphide (the alkalinity of the solution corresponds to pH 10-11) 93% of nitrite ions and 7% of ammonia are obtained from the ester group nitrogen. When ammonium hydrosulphide is used, the nitrite ions initially produced rise to a maximum concentration and then fall to zero owing to the reducing action of the ammonium hydrosulphide. The reduction process takes place more effectively when the pH is above 10. 

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