Escherichia freundii

The conversion of D-glucose (17) into D-fructose (9) by a microbial enzyme (Scheme 5) was first reported in 1957 when Marshall and Kooi found glucose isomerase activity in cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas hydrophila (91. This enzymatic activity was enhanced in the presence of arsenate. Soon thereafter, other arsenate-requiring enzymes were isolated from Aerobacter sp. as well as Escherichia freundii [10]. Enzymes required arsenate when D-glucose or D-fructose was the substrate but not when the corresponding 6-phosphates 11 and 12 were offered. Purification of the arsenate-dependent principle component from Escherichia intermedia allowed the conclusion that the enzyme was a glucose 6-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) that was able to isomerise free D-glucose when it was complexed with arsenate [11]. 

A keratan-sulphate-degrading enzyme from Escherichia freundii has been shown to hydrolyse milk oligosaccharides and desialylized porcine colonic mucin for example, the tetrasaccharide (9) from milk and a reduced form thereof... 

A chondroitinase has been isolated from Flavobacterium heparinum] it acted on chondroitin 6-sulphate to give a tetrasaccharide and an unsaturated, sulphated disaccharide, and on hyaluronic acid to give an unsaturated disaccharide. An en /o-/S-galactosidase from Escherichia freundii hydrolyses /8-D-galacto-pyranosyl linkages, provided that the residues are not sulphated. ... 

Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Shigella spp. Staphylococcus spp. Streptococcus spp. Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae Acanthamoeba castellani Paramecium caudatum Tetrahymena pyrifomds... 

Class Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics with activity against Pseudomonas species, Escherichia coii. Proteus species, Providencia species, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter speaes, Serratia species, Acinetobacter species, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus species Aminoglycosides generally have a low level of activity against grampositive organisms Lo o u c <... 

Samuel, G., Hogbin, J.P., Wang, L., Reeves, P.R. Relationships of the Escherichia coli 0157, Olll, and 055 O-antigen gene clusters with those of Salmonella enterica and Citrobacter freundii, which express identical O antigens. J Bacteriol 186 (2004) 6536-6543. 

Abbreviations for tables C.d, Citrobacter diversus C.f, Citrobacter freundii E.ae., Enterobacter aerogenes E.cl, Enlerobacter cloacae E.co., Escherichia coli K.a., Klebsiella aerogenes K.o., Klebsiella oxytoca K.p., Klebsiella pneumoniae M.m., Morganella morganii P.m., Proteus mirabilis Pv., Proteus vulgaris Ps.a., Pseudomonas aeruginosa Se.m., Serratia marcescens S.a., Staphylococcus aureus. 

Minimum inhibition concentration (ppm of the active ingredient in PVC film) against a number of bacteria Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis. Enterococcus faecalis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) varied between (<200 and 400-600 ppm (<0.02-0.06%). It should be noted here that these bacteria are practically not relevant to WPCs, but rather to plasic-made biomedical devices. This example just shows a range of active antibacterial concentrations of the biocide. 

A group of ADP-Glc PPases comprises the enteric bacteria [Citrobacter freundii, Ed wardsiella tarda, Escherichia coli, E. aurescens, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and Shigella dysenteriae). These ADP-Glc PPases are activated by fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate, NADPH, and pyridoxal phosphate. These bacteria have glycolysis as their main carbon disposition pathway. 

Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bacillus polymyxa. Bacillus macerans Escherichia coli," Citrobacter freundii, Erwinia herbicola ... 

The majority of studies of fractal geometry of bacteria and unicellular fungi (yeasts) have been performed in agar culture, in which the solidity of the medium, nutrient concentration, inhibitory chemicals and incubation conditions (temperature) have been varied. With regard to bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis. Salmonella anatum. Salmonella typhimurium and Serratia marcescens produced colonies with Dbm values between 1.7 and 1.8 [22, 23], whereas Klebsiella ozaenae had more open colonies, Dbm = 1.6 [24]. Colony morphology is dramatically affected by nutrient supply [19, 20] and nonlethal concentrations of antibiotics [5]. For example, the fractal dimension of... 

Micobacterium tuberculosis Helicobacter pylor Micobacterium tuberculosis Micobacterium tuberculosis Micobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium smegmatis M. tuberculosis Streptococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus B. stearothermophilus B. subtilis Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Morganella morganii Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Shigella dysenteriae Salmonella typhi MRSA... 

Daniel R, Gottschalk G (1992) Growth temperature-dependent activity of glycerol dehydratase in Escherichia coli expressing the Citrobacter freundii dha regulon. EEMS Microbiol Lett 100 281-286... 

---