Equipment hazards, construction

Comparable equipment suitable for use in Class II, Division 1 locations is called dust-ignition proof. Dust-tight equipment is designed for use in Class II, Division 2 locations. These terms should not be confused with equipment designated "dustproof." Dustproof equipment is constructed or protected so that dust will not interfere with its successful operation. This term does not imply the equipment is suitable for use in a hazardous (classified) area. 

Construction Materials and Equipment — The driver of a CMV (who is used primarily in the transportation of construction materials and equipment) may restart his/her 7- or 8-day clock after an off-duty period of at least 24 consecutive hours. The transportation of construction materials and equipment is defined as the transportation of construction and pavement materials, construction equipment, and construction maintenance vehicles by a driver, to or from an active construction site within a 50-air-mile radius of the normal work reporting location of the driver. This exemption does not apply to drivers transporting placardable amounts of hazardous materials. 

Engineering guidelines produced by Factory Mutual (FM) to help reduce the risk of property loss due to fire, weather, and/or electrical or mechanical equipment failure. They are based on input from loss experience, research results, consensus standards committees, equipment manufacturers, and other interested participants. The subjects covered include construction, sprinklers, water supply, extinguishing equipment, electrical equipment, boilers and industrial heating equipment, hazards, storage, miscellaneous, human factors, systems instrumentation and control, pressure vessels, mechanical, welding, and boiler and machinery. They may also be referred to as FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets. See also Factory Mutual (FM). 

The first step in the process is risk identification, which is accomplished by review of the proposal/study by suitably experienced experts using well-considered checklists. These must embrace all facets which may affect the project outcome, such as plant feedstock quality, process reliability, mechanical reliability, potential foundation problems, operational hazards, environmental impact, equipment costs, construction costing and labour, statutory requirements, contractual and legal problems peculiar to the country of construction, eventual decommissioning costs, and so on. Risks due to operational hazard are generally treated separately from commercial risk, and will be discussed in Chapter 12, but they are obviously an essential part of the overall process. 

The requirements for electrical protective equipment for construction are found at 29 CFR 1926.97. This construction regiilation applies not only to the design, manufactvu e, and proper care of this equipment in electric power transmission and distribution work but also in all other construction work involving electrical hazards. 

When synthesizing a fiowsheet, the designer should consider carefully the problems associated with operation under extreme conditions. Attenuation will result in a safer plant, providing the attenuation does not increase the inventory of hazardous materials. If the inventory does not increase, then attenuation not only will make the process safer but also will make it cheaper, since cheaper materials of construction and thinner vessel walls can be used and it is not necessary to add on so much protective equipment. 

The selection of materials to be used in design dictates a basic understanding of the behavior of materials and the principles that govern such behavior. If proper design of suitable materials of construction is incorporated, the eqiiipment should deteriorate at a uniform and anticipated gradual rate, which will allow scheduled maintenance or replacement at regular inteivals. If localized forms of corrosion are characteristic of the combination of materials and environment, the materials engineer should still be able to predict the probable life of equipment, or devise an appropriate inspection schedule to preclude unexpected failures. The concepts of predictive, or at least preventive, maintenance are minimum requirements to proper materials selection. This approach to maintenance is certainly intended to minimize the possibility of unscheduled production shutdowns because of corrosion failures, with their attendant possible financial losses, hazard to personnel and equipment, and resultant environmental pollution. 

Compression ignition engine Designed, constructed and equipped to protect explosive from external hazards and weather Closed or securely sheeted Trailers to be adequately braked or restrained upon detachment from towing vehicle... 

No particular industrial hazards are encountered in handling liquid alum. However, a face shield and gloves should be worn around leaking equipment. The eyes or skin should be flushed and washed upon contact with liquid alum. Liquid alum becomes very sick upon evaporation and therefore spillage should be avoided. Storage tanks may be open if indoors but must be closed and vented if outdoors. Outdoor tanks should also be heated, if necessary, to keep the temperature above 450F to prevent crystallization. Storage tanks should be constructed of type 316 stainless steel, FRP, steel lined with rubber, polyvinyl chloride, or lead. Liquid alum can be stored indefinitely without deterioration. 

Equipment used to process, store, or handle highly hazardous chemicals must be designed constructed, installed and maintained to minimize the risk of release. A systematic, scheduled, test and maintenance program is preferred over "breakdown" maintenance " that could compromise safety. Elements of a mechanical integrity program include 1) identification and categorization of equipment and instrumentation, 2) documentation of manufacturer data on mean time to failure, 3 ) test and inspection frequencies, 4) maintenance procedures, 5) training of maintenance personnel, 6) test criteria, and 7) documentation of test and inspection results. 

C22.2, No. 213 Equipment for Use in Class 1, Division 2 Hazardous Locations, A Guide for the Design, Construction and Installation of Electrical Equipment John Bossert and Randolph Hurst... 

The dispersed phase should be the one that has the higher volumetric rate except in equipment subject to backmixing where it should be the one with the smaller volumetric rate. It should be the phase that wets the material of construction less well. Since the holdup of continuous phase usually is greater, that phase should be made up of the less expensive or less hazardous material. 

The use of electrical equipment in hazardous areas is covered by British Standards BS 5345 and BS 5501. The code of practice, BS 5345, Part 1, defines hazardous areas as those where explosive gas-air mixtures are present, or may be expected to be present, in quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction and use of electrical apparatus. Non-hazardous areas are those where explosive gas-air mixtures are not expected to be present. 

Construct roadways to provide ease of access and a sound roadbed for heavy equipment and vehicles Arrange traffic flow patterns to ensure safe and efficient operations Eliminate physical hazards from the work area as much as possible, including ... 

Originally, equipment was made largely from wood or gun-metal and often rubber lined. These materials give the lowest hazards from friction with explosives. Nowadays, improved standards of engineering and of design have made it possible to employ stainless steel and plastics in the construction of explosive machinery with considerable increase in mechanical efficiency. In this way not only can processes be carried out more rapidly, but the quantity of explosive present at any time is reduced, with consequent increase in overall safety. 

Various hazard identification criteria can be defined if sufficient knowledge of the process and of the equipment is available such that a mathematical model of the overall process can be constructed. The model can then be used to detect a hazardous situation, such as a runaway, developing at an early stage. This technique has potentially the highest predictive power, but does require an extensive knowledge of the chemical process and of the equipment characteristics. However, fully sufficient models are rarely available and their development is time consuming. 

The main business of most chemical companies is to manufacture products by means of controlled chemical reactions. The reactivity that makes chemicals useful can also make them hazardous. Chemical reactions are usually carried out without mishap, but sometimes they get out of control because of problems such as the wrong or contaminated raw material being used, changed operating conditions, unanticipated time delays, failed equipment, incompatible materials of construction, or loss of temperature control. Such mishaps can be worse if the chemistiy under both normal and abnormal conditions is not fully understood. Therefore, it is essential that chemical process designers and operators understand the nature of the reactive materials andchemistry involved and what it takes to control intended reactions and avoid unintended reactions throughout the entire life cycle of a process facility. 

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