Handling liquids

The ability to miniaturize assays to the sub-microliter level is largely dependent on the precision of liquid-handling systems. Modern pipetting and dispensing systems- enable components to be reproducibly added in volumes in the nanoliter range to thousands of samples per plate. The EVOscreen system includes a specially designed M2N unit which is able to reformat samples stored in any conventional format, such as 96-well plates, to 

DOT regulations for hazardous material transport are in Subchapter C of 49CFR. This subchapter includes  

Part 171 General information, regulations, and definitions Part 172 Hazardous materials table, special provisions, hazaird communication (HAZCOM) and emergency response information reguirements 

Part 173 Shippers—general requirements for shipments and packaging 

Part 180 Continuing qualification and maintenance of packagings Subchapter D covers pipeline transport. 

Handling of hazardous materials in the operating plant is governed by various codes and regvilations. Many of these depend on 

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Jet pumps are a class of liquid-handling device that makes use of the momentum of one fluid to move another. 

Calculation of column diameter (for packed columns, this is usually based on flooding conditions, and, for plate columns, on the optimum gas velocity or the liquid-handling capacity of the plate)... 

Electroosmotic flow (EOE) is thus the mechanism by which liquids are moved from one end of the sepai ation capillai y to the other, obviating the need for mechanical pumps and valves. This makes this technique very amenable to miniaturization, as it is fai simpler to make an electrical contact to a chip via a wire immersed in a reservoir than to make a robust connection to a pump. More important, however, is that all the basic fluidic manipulations that a chemist requires for microchip electrophoresis, or any other liquid handling for that matter, have been adapted to electrokinetic microfluidic chips. 

In view of the above adverse effects a safety factor should be applied where flammability is assessed using flash point. For pure liquids in containers the vapor should be considered potentially flammable if the liquid temperature is upward of at least 5°C below the reported flash point. For mixtures whose composition is less certain, such as petroleum mixtures, the safety factor should be about 15°C relative to the flash point [55]. Where combinations of adverse effects are identified the safety factors should be increased accordingly. A simple but very conservative approach is to assume that all liquids having a flash point <141°F may produce a flammable atmosphere under some ambient conditions, even where no mist or froth production is involved. A more practical approach is to assume that liquids handled in air at least 5-15°C below their closed cup flash points will not present ignition risks unless... 

The fire risk from static ignition increases with the volume and volatility of flammable liquid handled. Hence, the smallest volume container capable of... 

This is satisfactory, because it is less than 50% of the tray spacing of 24-in. Therefore, the tray appears to have adequate liquid handling capacity. No hole blanking strips required. 

High-throughput screening of molecular catalysts using automated liquid handling, injection and microdevices, Ghimia 56, 11 (2002) 621-626. 

An automated log P workstation using a shake-flask method and robotic liquid handling in 96-well plate format is commercially available [30]. The system is equipped with a diode-array spectrophotometer and equimolar nitrogen detector. 

An operation or series of operations that contributes to the validation of screening results. Such operations include validation of liquid handling devices and plate readers, experiment controls, such as determination of the Z factor and use of assay controls, and postexperiment controls, such as data analysis validation and database administration. Results of a screen are validated only after a set of quality controls have been performed. 

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