Environmental water pollution

Nalecz-Jawecki, G. Environmental (Water) Pollution in Poland. Ecotoxicological Bioassays in Poland, International Workshop PITA 4 Programe, Talhn, Estonia, September 10-11, 1999. 

Monochlorophenols represent an important class of environmental water pollutants of moderate toxicity to mammalian and aquatic life they possess relatively strong organoleptic effects, with taste thresholds of 0.1 pg/L (ppb). Their principal sources are the natural degradation of chlorinated herbicides (e.g., chlorophenoxyacetic acids), chlorination of phenolic substances in waste effluents, and chlorine treatment of drinking water. Of the three chlo-rophenols examined here, 3-chlorophenol exhibited the greatest resistance to sonolysis. 

Hattori, Y, Kuge, Y, Nakagawa, S. (1975) Microbial decomposition of phthalate esters in environmental water. Pollut. Control Center Osaka Perfect, Mizu Shori Gijutsu. 16, 951-954. 

In-Depth Studies on Health and Environmental Impacts of Selected Water Pollutants, report on contract number 68-01-4646, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1978. 

Created the Environment Agency (EAJ and the SEA for Scotland. Contains detailed provisions for dealing with a range of environmental issues including air quality contaminated land reinforcing the polluter pays principle water quality, with the EA empowered to require action to prevent water pollution and to require polluters to clean up after any pollution episode. 

This set-up, or a very similar one, has been used to determine different group of pollutants in environmental waters (45, 83, 93). For example, with 10 ml of sample the limits of detection of a group of pesticides were between 2 and 20 ng 1 (92) in tap and river water, with this system being fully automated. Figure 13.19 shows the chromatograms obtained by on-line SPE-GC-MS under selected ion-monitoring conditions of 10 ml of tap water spiked with pesticides at levels of 0.1 pig 1 (92). 

This is the concept that has developed decades ago in connection with toxic substances, food additives, air and water pollution, fire and related environmental concerns, and so on. It can be defined as a level of risk at which a seriously adverse result is highly unlikely to occur but it cannot be proven whether or not there is 100% safety. In these cases, it means living with reasonable assurance of safety and acceptable uncertainty. 

Keith LH, Hall RC, Hanisch RC, et al. 1983. New methods for gas chromatographic analysis of water pollutants. In Jolley RE, Brungs WA, Cotruvo JA, et al., eds. Water chlorination Environmental impact and health effects. Vol. 4(Bookl Chemistry and water treatment), Ann Arbor Science. Ann Arbor, MI The Butterworth Group, 563-582. 

Environmental pollution caused by pesticides has become a serious problem. Especially during and/or after pesticide application to crops, the pesticides are released into sensitive environmental areas, and also into ground and surface water, and could be harmful or dangerous to humans and other species. Therefore, very low concentrations of diphenyl ether herbicides in environmental waters must be monitored. 

Joseph A. Pratt. Letting the Grandchildren Do It Environmental Planning during the Ascent of Oil as a Major Energy Source. The Public Historian. 2 (Summer 1980) 28-61. Source for Bureau of Mines studies of automotive exhaust, water pollution, and sulfur-rich petroleum and environment to be monitored by voluntary self-regulation, not legislation. 

A successful modem hazardous industrial waste treatment program for a particular industry will include not only traditional water pollution control but also air pollution control, noise control, soil conservation, site remediation, radiation protection, groundwater protection, hazardous waste management, solid waste disposal, and combined industrial-municipal waste treatment and management. In fact, it should be a holistic environmental control program. Another intention of this handbook series is to provide technical and economical information on the development of the most feasible total environmental control program that can benefit both industry and local municipalities. Frequently, the most economically feasible methodology is a combined industrial-municipal waste treatment. 

IEPA. 1988a. Illinois water quality report 1986-1987. Springfield, IL Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control. IEPA/WPC/88-002. 

IEPA. 1998b. Title 35 Environmental protection Subtitle C Water pollution Chapter 1. Pollution control board. Springfield, IL Illinois, Environmental Protection Agency. State of Illinois Rules and Regulations. 

Barrows ME, Petrocelli SR, Macek KJ, et al. 1978. Bioconcentration and elimination of selected water pollutants by bluegill sunfish. Proceedings-American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry. 18 345-346. 

Petrovic M, Radjenovic J, Postigo C, Kuster M, Fane M, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D (2008) Emerging contaminants in waste waters sources and occurrence. In Barcelo D, Petrovic M (eds) Handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 5. Water pollution, p 1-35... 

Maguire, R.J. 1991. Aquatic environmental aspects of non-pesticidal organotin compounds. Water. Pollut. Res. Jour. Canada 26 243-360. 

The environmental pollution in transition economy countries has reached critical levels. Vehicles, power plants, steel mills and nonferrous metallurgy works are the major air polluters. Pesticides are responsible for much of the harm done to human health. Water pollution continues on a large scale. Very often the situation is disastrous because this country has a combination of energy-intensive industries, thermal power generation, and intensive agriculture, further aggravated by Chernobyl. 

Baxter RM. 1989. Reductive dehalogenation of environmental contaminants a critical review. Water Pollution Reseach Journal 24 299-322. 

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