Industrial and municipal waste

Secondary. Scrap material, industrial and municipal wastes, and sludges containing mercury are treated in much the same manner as ores to recover mercury. Scrap products are first broken down to Hberate metallic mercury or its compounds. Heating in retorts vaporizes the mercury, which upon cooling condenses to high purity mercury metal. Industrial and municipal sludges and wastes may be treated chemically before roasting. 

J. E. Malina and E. G. Pohland, Design ofyinaerobic Processesfor the Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastes Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, Pa., 1992. 

Combustion Combustion of industrial and municipal waste is an attractive waste management option because it reduces the volume of waste by 70 to 90 percent. In the face of shrinking landfill availabihty, municipal waste combustion capacity in the United States has grown at an astonishing rate, significantly faster than the growth rate for municipal refuse generation. 

In the United States about 3 percent of all electricity produced comes from renewable sources of this a little more than half comes from biomass. Most biomass energy generation comes from the lumber and paper industries from their conversion of mill residues to in-house energy. Municipal solid waste also is an important fuel for electricity production approximately 16 percent ot all municipal solid waste is disposed of by combustion. Converting industrial and municipal waste into bioenergy also decreases the necessity for landfdl space. 

The initiation of corrosion due to bacteria is well recognised in a number of areas, in particular in oil production, the pulp and paper industry and municipal waste systems . ... 

From the beginnings of ecology as a discipline, the mining industry has been at the center of the battle over preservation versus exploitation. As discussed in the introduction to this chapter, human activities such as mining, power production from fossil fuels and discharges of industrial and municipal wastes not only increase the rate at which metals enter the biosphere but may also drastically alter the speciation of metals from what it would be in the undisturbed geologic cycle. 

Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and Municipal Waste... 

In marine ecosystems, the high copper levels measured in heavily contaminated coastal areas sometimes approach the incipient lethal concentrations for some organisms (Neff and Anderson 1977). Elevated copper concentrations in marine and estuarine environments may result from atmospheric deposition, industrial and municipal wastes, urban runoff, rivers, and shoreline erosion. Chesapeake Bay, for example, receives more than 1800 kg of copper daily from these sources (Hall et al. 1988). Copper concentrations in abiotic marine materials are generally higher near shore than... 

Voorn and Marlow [176] applied this technique to industrial and municipal waste waters. Fig. 12.16 shows TOD/COD ratios obtained from some waste water samples. Where the total oxygen demand value is... 

EPA. 1981. Determination of phthalates in industrial and municipal waste waters. Technical report. Cincinnati, OH U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-600/4-81-063. 

J.F. Malina and F.G. Pohland. Design of anaerobic processes for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastes. CRC Press, 1992. 

Less than 1% of environmental releases of 1,4-dichlorobenzene are to surface water (EPA 1981a). The compound s level of water solubility is also considered low (49-79 mg/L [ppm] at 22-25 °C) (Verschueren 1983). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene has been identified in industrial and municipal waste waters from several sources, at concentrations ranging from less than 3 ppb to more than 900 ppb (Oliver and Nichol 1982a Perry et al. 1979 Young and Heesen 1978 Young et al. 1980 1981). In 1988, environmental releases to surface water and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) reported by industry were 6,153 pounds... 

HaU, E.R. Anaerobic treatment of wastewaters in suspended growth and fixed film processes. In Design of Anaerobic Processes for the Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastes , Malin, J.F. Pohland, F.G., Eds. Technomics Lancaster, PA, 1992, 41-118. 

Various well-known industrial and municipal waste products particularly those from the base metal industry, contain appreciable amounts of Fe oxides which may make them suitable for remediation purposes. Two examples from industry are the residues from the alumina and the titanium industries. The extraction of either Al or Ti from the natural ores (bauxite and ilmenite/rutile, respectively) leaves behind an alkaline and acidic (sulphuric) residue, respectively, in which Fe oxides are enriched, as indicated by their names Red Mud and Red Gypsum . A sample of Red gypsum is reported to contain ca. 35% of Fe oxide consisting of goethite and hematite, half of which was oxalate soluble (Fauziah et al., 1996). As expected, this material had an appreciable adsorption capacity for phosphate and heavy metals and, if added to soils, could confer these properties on them (Peacock Rimmer, 2000),... 

Smaller quantities of metal are recovered from mercury-containing industrial and municipal wastes, such as amalgams and batteries. The scrap material is heated in a retort and the vapors of mercury are condensed into high-purity metal. 

Shafer KH. 1982. Determination of nitroaromatic compounds and isophorone in industrial and municipal waste waters. U.S. EPA, Off Res Dev, 1-71. 

About 2% of environmental releases of dichloromethane are to water. Industrial releases of dichloromethane to surface water and underground injection (potential ground-water release) reported to the United States Toxic Chemical Release Inventory in 1988 totalled 158 tonnes. Dichloromethane has been identified in industrial and municipal waste-waters from several sources at concentrations ranging from 0.08 pg/L to 3.4 g/L (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993 WHO, 1996). 

Rhoades, J. W. Thomas, R. E. Johnson, D. E. Tillery, J. B. Determination of Phthalates in Industrial and Municipal Waste Waters U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC, 1981 EPA-600/S4 81-063. 

ND-9.4 ppt). The widespread occurrence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in U S. urban soils at levels of 0.001-0.01 ppb suggests that local combustion sources, including industrial and municipal waste incinerators, are the probable sources of the trace 2,3,7,8-TCDD soil concentrations found in those locations (Nestrick et al. 1986). Soil samples collected in the vicinity of a sewage sludge incinerator were compared with soil samples from rural and urban sites in Ontario, Canada (Pearson et al. 1990). 

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