Nonferrous Metallurgy

For the majority of nonferrous applications, monolithics tend to be used only as repair materials and backing insulation. 

In the aluminum industry, melting furnaces are made entirely out of monolithic refractories. The heating chamber is lined with high-alumina castable, while sections that are in direct contact with the metal are made from phosphate-bonded plastic refractory. 

Some Individual Refractory Materials and Their Uses 

FHgh-alumina refractories Blast furnace stoves, cement and lime rotary kilns, electric arc furnace roofs, ladle, glassmaking furnaces, etc. 

Chromite—Magnesite Inner lining of basic oxygen steelmaking vessels, side walls of soaking pits, etc. 

---

Niobium is also important in nonferrous metallurgy. Addition of niobium to tirconium reduces the corrosion resistance somewhat but increases the mechanical strength. Because niobium has a low thermal-neutron cross section, it can be alloyed with tirconium for use in the cladding of nuclear fuel rods. A Zr—l%Nb [11107-78-1] alloy has been used as primary cladding in the countries of the former USSR and in Canada. A Zr—2.5 wt % Nb alloy has been used to replace Zircaloy-2 as the cladding in Candu-PHW (pressurized hot water) reactors and has resulted in a 20% reduction in wall thickness of cladding (63) (see Nuclear reactors). 

The estimated world production of tellurium from 1991—1994 is shown in Table 4 the average annual production in that time period was 240 tonnes. The data for 1994 are considered to be the most accurate because of the direct reporting, for the first time, of production from plants in the former Soviet Union. The main uses for tellurium are as a free machining additive in ferrous metallurgy (55%), as a free machining additive in nonferrous metallurgy (10%), in chemicals (30%), in electrical appHcations such as solar cells and thermoelectrics (3%), and miscellaneous (2%). 

Chemical Applications. Cesium metal is used in carbon dioxide purification as an adsorbent of impurities in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy (qv) it can be used as a scavenger of gases and other impurities. 

Nonferrous metallurgy is as varied as the ores and finished products. Almost every thermal, chemical, and physical process known to engineers is in use. The general classification scheme that follows gives an understanding of the emissions and control systems aluminum (primary and secondary), beryllium, copper (primary and secondary), lead (primary and secondary), mercury, zinc, alloys of nonferrous metals (primary and secondary), and other nonferrous metals. 

Moshkin AA, Losoto AP, Berezhnoy AI, Krasninov AS (1979) Nonferrous Metallurgy, USSR, 21 34... 

Losoto AP, Akutin MS, Petrova VF, Moshkin AA, Udalova VI, Pegasov W, Konysheva AV (1978) Nonferrous Metallurgy, USSR, 17 52... 

The environmental pollution in Ukraine has reached critical levels. Vehicles, power plants, steel mills and nonferrous metallurgy works are the major air polluters. Pesticides are responsible for much of the harm done to human health. 

The environmental pollution in transition economy countries has reached critical levels. Vehicles, power plants, steel mills and nonferrous metallurgy works are the major air polluters. Pesticides are responsible for much of the harm done to human health. Water pollution continues on a large scale. Very often the situation is disastrous because this country has a combination of energy-intensive industries, thermal power generation, and intensive agriculture, further aggravated by Chernobyl. 

Nonessential nutrients, 17 645 Noneutectoid steels, 23 218 Nonferrous alloys, vanadium in, 25 525 Nonferrous metallics, eddy-current separation of, 15 455—451 Nonferrous metallurgy niobium in, 17 145 oxygen in, 17 762 slaked lime in, 15 63... 

Niobium is a very important metal in both ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. As an additive to alloys or when alloyed with other metals niobium imparts high mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, and ductihty to alloys. It enhances corrosion resistance of most alloys. The metal and several of its alloys exhibit superconductivity. Nobium is used as an additive in... 

The ISP evolved to fill a very special niche in nonferrous metallurgy because of its capability of treating Lead-zinc concentrates which may also contain appredable amounts of copper. The concentrate is normally-oxidized in a sintering machine to produce a feed for the blast furnace where the zinc oxide is reduced with coke. Some effort has been underway to develop a hot briquetting operation to produce a suitable feed without sintering. Other efforts to improve the economic competitiveness of the process include air preheat and the use of an oxygen-enriched blast to reduce coke consumption. 

Roasting furnaces are used to react sulfides to produce metal oxides, which can be converted to metals in the next process step. The sulfides are used as a reducing agent in nonferrous metallurgy for the recovery of metals. The process has been used for metals such as copper, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesium, tin, antimony, and titanium. 

A characteristic property of organophosphorus compounds with P=0 or P=S bonds is their ability to form complexes. This was the basis for the industrial use of these substances as flotation agents in nonferrous metallurgy. Dibutyl- and dicresyldithiophosphates proved efficient collectors of sulfide or sulfidised nonferrous metals during the flotation of oxide ores. 

Several industrial catalytic reactor with periodical flow reversal arc used in nonferrous metallurgy for treatment of lean sulfurous gases with SO2 concentrations varying from 1% to 4.5% [9, 27]. The inlet temperature of such an exhaust gas is typically 40-60 °C, while the minimum reaction temperature is 370-400 °C. Utilization of these gases by traditional methods... 

High purity binary oxides such as BeO, MgO, AI2O3, Ti02, And stabihzed zirconia are sintered under pressure to produce high density ceramic ware, particularly cracibles and other containers for use in nonferrous metallurgy and other specialized applications where temperature resistance and corrosion are a problem. Titania is also formed in honeycomb arrays for use as catalyst supports. 

Strontium is widely used in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy as a deacidifier and as an antifrictional material for producing glasses and some special optic materials. It exists in seawater at a concentration of 8 mg/L. 

Use Abrasive for cutting and grinding metals, grinding wheels, refractory in nonferrous metallurgy, ceramic industry and boiler furnaces, composite tubes for steam reforming operations. Fibrous form used in filament-wound structures and heat-resistant, high-strength composites. 

Use Fertilizers, chemicals, dyes and pigments, etchant, alkylation catalyst, electroplating baths, iron and steel, rayon and film, industrial explosives, lab reagent, nonferrous metallurgy. 

Much of the analytical chemistry of vanadium is concerned with its use in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. Vanadium also finds application in catalysis and in the paint and ceramic industries. Environmental concerns about vanadium arise primarily from air-pollution problems. Vanadium can be released from fly ash and oil-combustion products. There are only a few references on vanadium speciation. One reference reported the simultaneous determination of V(IV) and V(V) [25]. Postcolumn reaction with PAR resulted in detection limits of about 10 ppb, even in the presence of high concentration of phosphate. Unfortunately, the studies were not carried out in samples. Urasa et al. [2] used DCPAE detection to speciate V02 and another vanadium species thought to be VOCU ". 

Ya. I. Gerasimov, A. N. Krestovnikov, and S. I. Gorbov, Chemical Thermodynamics in Nonferrous Metallurgy Handbook , Vol. 5 Thermodynamics of Vanadium, Mercury, Beryllium, and Their Most Important Compounds , Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1973. 

---