Environmental residues

An enzyme immunoassay technique has been employed for measuring endosulfan and its degradation products (i.e., endosulfan diol, endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan ether, and endosulfan lactone) in water at 3 ppb (Chau and Terry 1972 Musial et al. 1976). However, this technique is not currently in use in environmental residue analysis. Further research into this technique could produce a rapid, rehable, and sensitive method for identifying contaminated areas posing a risk to human health. No additional methods for detecting endosulfan in environmental media appear to be necessary at this time. However, methods for the determination of endosulfan degradation products are needed. 

Concerning anthropogenic sources, methyl arsenic compounds such as methyl arsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid have been used as herbicides, and were once a significant source of environmental residues. Dimethyl-arsinic acid (Agent Blue) was used as a defoliant during the Vietnam War. 

USCOE] US Army Corps of Engineers and [USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Environmental Residue-Effects Database (ERED). 

Oliver, B.G., Niimi, A.J. (1985) Bioconcentration factors of some halogenated organics for rainbow trout Limitations in their use for prediction of environmental residues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 842-849. 

Nelson, J.H. and E.S. Evans, Jr. 1973. Field evaluations of the larvicidal effectiveness. Effects on Non-target Species and Environmental Residues of a Slow-Release Polymer Formulation of Chlorpyrifos. U.S. Army Environ. Hygiene Agen. Rep. No. 44-022-73/75. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. 15 pp. 

Oliver BG, Niimi AJ. 1983. Bioconcentration of chlorobenzenes from water by rainbow trout correlations with partition coefficients and environmental residues. Environ Sci Technol 17 287-291. 

Albrecht WN. 1987. Central nervous system toxicity of some conunon environmental residues in the mouse. J Toxicol Environ Health 21 (4) 405-421. 

Kratochvil, B. The Role of Chemometrics in Pesticide/ Environmental Residue Analytical Determinations. 1984. ACS Symposium Series. (This volume). 

A principal components multivariate statistical approach (SIMCA) was evaluated and applied to interpretation of isomer specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using both a microcomputer and a main frame computer. Capillary column gas chromatography was employed for separation and detection of 69 individual PCB isomers. Computer programs were written in AMSII MUMPS to provide a laboratory data base for data manipulation. This data base greatly assisted the analysts in calculating isomer concentrations and data management. Applications of SIMCA for quality control, classification, and estimation of the composition of multi-Aroclor mixtures are described for characterization and study of complex environmental residues. 

Bernard, C. E., et al. (2001). Environmental residues and biomonitoring estimates of human insecticide exposure from treated residential turf. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41(2) 237-240. 

Stalling, D.L. and Meyer, F.L. Toxicitiesof PCBs to fish and environmental residues. Environ. Health Perspect., 1 159-164, 1972. 

Use in Characterizing Complex Mixtures and Environmental Residues of Polychlorinated Biphenyls... 

These applications demonstrate that pattern recognition techniques based on principal components may be effectively used to character zate complex environmental residues. In comparisons of PCBs in bird eggs collected from different regions, we demonstrated through the use of SIHCA that the profiles in samples from a relatively clean area differed in concentration and composition from profiles in samples from a more highly contaminated region. Quality control can be evaluated by the proximity of replicate analysis of samples in principal components plots. 

The chemistry auditor usually audits only the analytical chemistry portions for health effects or ecotoxicology studies and the entire data file for environmental, residue, product chemistry, and metabolism studies. 

Regulatory controls of POPs-containing raw materials or wastes in South Korea are based on eight individual acts (Table 2.1). In 2005, one POPs specific ordinance was presented for registration to effectively enact the use, distribution, emission/discharge, environmental residual levels, and treatment and management over the whole life cycle. 

Stalling, D.L., Mayer, F.L. (1972) Toxicities of PCBs to fish and environmental residues. Environ. Health Prospect. 1, 159-164. Stapleton, H.M., Letcher, R.J., Li, J., Baker, J.E. (2004b) Dietary accumulation and metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23, 1939-1946. 

Regulatory agencies and monitoring stations screen for environmental residues and enforce tolerance regulations. [3] Academic researchers and toxicologists are concerned with metabolites and degradated products. 

The hydrolysis products (23-25) of the three nitrogen mustards listed in Schedule 1 of the CWC were included in the general LC/APCI/MS screening procedures of Black and Read, 14 26 . These procedures, and those of other laboratories, have successfully identified Af-methyldiethanolamine (23) and N-clhyldiclhanolaminc (24) in OPCW proficiency tests. More specific methods based on LC/ESI/MS have been reported for the trace analysis of ethanolamines in environmental residues (66) and biomedical samples (67). 

Because all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs, as well as the planar PCBs, elicit this type of Ah-receptor mediated responses, their toxicity can be expressed relative to that of the most potent congener, which is 2,3,7,8-tctrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). This concept is known as the toxic equivalence factor (TEF) approach.84,13 The TEF concept can be used to classify each individual congener and, by an additive approach, assess the total risk of environmental or biological levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and planar PCBs. The predictive value of this approach, in particular when PCBs are included, appears to be species- as well as response-dependent.13 This is primarily due to the presence of other PCBs in environmental residues, which may act antagonistically. 

In laboratory microcosms, ira 5-permethrin was selectively degraded compared to the other diastereomer, cw-permethrin, by six bacterial strains [19]. These strains also preferentially biotransformed 15-cw-bifenthrin over their antipodal l/ -cw-enantiomers, which were more toxic to daphnids [19]. Enantioselectivity was more pronounced for cw-permethrin than for cw-bifenthrin, and was strain-dependent. The (—)-enantiomer of both pyrethroids was preferentially depleted in sediments adjacent to a plant nursery, suggesting that in situ microbial biotransformation was enantioselective [20]. Although all enantiomers of permethrin were hydrolyzed quickly in C-labeled experiments in soils and sediments, the degradates of both cis- and irara-permethrin s -enantiomers were mineralized more quickly than those of the 5-enantiomer, while degradation products of cA-permethrin were more persistent than those of the trans-isomex [185]. Enantioslective degradation of fenvalerate in soil slurries has also been reported [83]. These smdies underscore how enantiomer-specific biotransformation can affect pyrethroid environmental residues, the toxicity of which is also enantiomer-dependent [18-20]. 

Transfer coefficient Residue transfer rate to humans during the completion of specific activities (e.g. cm /h), calculated using concurrently collected environmental residue data (USEPA, 1998). 

Chlorine does not leave an environmental residue, so animals may be returned to affected pastures within hours to days (more quickly in warm environments) (Munro et al, 1999). When entering the area contaminated with chlorine gas, rescuers should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and protective clothing (gloves, gowns, masks) until the gas dissipates. The risk for secondary contamination of rescuers is low. Chlorine gas does not bind to leather or fabrics. 

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