Transferable residues

Sodium mlphanilate.—Burns with difficulty, leaving a residue of (chiefly) sodium sulphide. Add dil. HCl, and confirm without delay the evolution of HjS by means of a filter-pa per moistened with lead acetate solution. Typical of salts of the sulphonic acids. Acetone sodium bisulphite.—Almost non-inflammable, leaving a colourless residue of sodium sulphite and sulphate. Transfer residue to a test-tube, add dil. HCl, warm, and confirm the SO2 evolved. 

Techniques for handling sodium in commercial-scale appHcations have improved (5,23,98,101,102). Contamination by sodium oxide is kept at a minimum by completely welded constmction and inert gas-pressured transfers. Residual oxide is removed by cold traps or micrometallic filters. Special mechanical pumps or leak-free electromagnetic pumps and meters work well with clean Hquid sodium. Corrosion of stainless or carbon steel equipment is minimi2ed by keeping the oxide content low. The 8-h TWA PEL and ceiling TLV for sodium or sodium oxide or hydroxide smoke exposure is 2 mg/m. There is no defined AID for pure sodium, as even the smallest quantity ingested could potentially cause fatal injury. 

Removing the gloves in a manner that transfers residues onto clothing or bare hands. 

A United States study examined the aggregate exposures of preschool children to chlorpyrifos and its degradation product, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) (Morgan et al., 2005). Samples that were collected included duplicate diet, indoor and outdoor air, urine, solid and liquid food, indoor floor dust, play area soil, transferable residues, and surface wipes (hand, food preparation, and hard floor). Generally, levels of chlorpyrifos were higher than levels of TCP in all media, except for solid food samples. For these samples, the median TCP concentrations were 12 and 29 times higher than the chlorpyrifos concentrations at homes and day-care centres,... 

Fuller, R., D. Klonne, L. Rosenheck, D. Eberhart, J. Worgan, and J. Ross (2001). Modified California Roller for measuring transferable residues on treated turfgrass. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 67, 787-794. 

Indoor surface dislodgeable (or transferable) residue dissipation study... 

A more recent macro-event -based approach to post-application dermal exposure modehng involves the use of body-part-specific transfer factor (TF) point-estimates and/or underlying distributions. The unitless TFs represent an activity-specific basis for estimating dermal loading (g/cm ) for various anatomical regions from compound-specific transferable residue data (g/cm ). 

This study provides a means for conservatively estimating potential post-application dermal exposures to treated surfaces following the use of indoor total release foggers by using a high-contact, but reproducible activity. The procedure for estimating potential dermal exposure is based on the use of transfer factors (TFs) derived from the human volunteer dermal dosimetry and treated carpet transferable-residue measurements based on an indoor roller method (Ross et al, 1990, 1991). 

The USEPA, with input from the PMRA of Health Canada and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), has substantially revised the USEPA Post-Application Exposme Monitoring Test Guidelines (USEPA, 1998a). This draft document has a broad scope and addresses passive dosimetry, biological monitoring, dislodgeable and transferable residue studies, soil residue studies and... 

Feces Dry, ash, dissoive residue in hydrochioric acid fiiter ash fiiter transfer residue to grid TEM 0.15x10 f/g 85.5 Cunningham et al. 1976... 

Lung tissue Digest wet tissue in potassium hydroxide wash residue with water transfer residue to slide PCM 5,000 f/g No data Whitwell et al. 1977... 

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