Enforcement of Laws

Because of the potential legal consequences on the suspect(s) and the subjects involved, forensic analyses require high quality standards and have to be subjected to extensive quality assurance and rigid quality control programs. For example, the enforcement of laws establishing a sanction based on the presence/concentration of a substance in blood (e.g., cocaine in a driver s blood) requires that the substance is correctly identified and reliably determined with acceptable precision and accuracy. 

FEMA was foimded in 1909, and is the sole national association of the flavor industry. FEMA assists in the enactment and enforcement of laws which deal with the rights of flavor manufrcturers and consumers, and in the processes which assure its members a supply of safe flavor materials. FEMA s most important activities include safety evaluation of flavor ingredients, protection of member company s intellectual property, establishment of GRAS list. 

The results of assessment from the enforcement of law to the amendment, and from the amendment to present time, are shown in Table 7.4 [32], and we can find that biodegradable substances are nearly 20% of the assessed both a) and b). The substances judged as safe from the results of chronic toxicity tests were very few. This fact is attributed to high cost for chronic toxicity tests which are needed if the substance has highly bioaccumulative properties. 

Narcotic Division. The division provides services for the enforcement of laws and investigations regarding the control of narcotics, psychotropics, cannabis, opium, and stimulants. 

This requires the design of the Production Safety Law should balance the interests, change the landscape of unequal distribution of interest. Specifically, it should divert the focus to the obligations of employers and rights of workers, especially the safety right. Meanwhile, when drafting the liability, we should increase the punishment of illegal act. A clear personal responsibility should be delineated and a strictly enforcement of law should be practiced. 

The determination of acesulfame-K, cyclamate, and saccharin individually or simultaneously with other artificial sweeteners and/or other food additives in foods, soft drinks, and tabletop sweeteners is very important for legal, health, and consumer safety aspects. Thus, reliable, simple, fast, sensitive, accurate, and robust analytical methods using low-cost equipment are essential to protect human health, meet the requirement to ensure product quality, and support the compliance and enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to food safety. Flow analysis is shown to be a powerful analytical tool for the automated determination of acesulfame-K, cyclamate, and saccharin in food samples, and it is an interesting alternative for use in sweetener determinations when only one analyte is determined in a large number of samples. In the last few years, flow analysis... 

Another major problem regarding plastic in many developing countries is littering habit and social and environmental implications of plastic litters. Policy initiatives and govemment/industry interventions in this aspect are becoming strong in several countries (e.g. China, India). But the main obstacle is still the enforcement of laws and regulations. 

The standards for classifications and characteristics. They look completely like specifications but they are not enforced by law. Instead of speaking about standards for characteristics, it is more common to talk about standards for specifications. In spite of its very general usage, this expression is unfortunate because it continues to foster confusion between standards and specifications. 

J. F. Boudreau and co-workers, Mn o and Arson Investigation Survey and Assessment, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law... 

The FDA s approval and enforcement programs are adrninistered by five centers organized along product lines. Although ah five centers must fohow the general provisions of the Act, each center is governed by its own unique and distinctive set of laws and regulations. The five centers are as fohow. 

The most elementary function of an air pollution control agency is its control function, which breaks down into two subsidiary functions enforcement of the jurisdiction s air pollution control laws, ordinances, and regulations and evaluation of the effectiveness of existing regulations and regulatory practices and the need for new ones. 

An agreement formally executed by both customer and supplier (enforceable by law) which requires performance of services or delivery of products at a cost to the customer in accordance with stated terms and conditions. 

Because the protection afforded users of economic poisons under the federal law applies only to materials shipped in interstate commerce, state laws must provide adequate protection to users of economic poisons shipped solely within the state, and provide cooperative enforcement of the federal law. 

In 1863, the British Parliament passed the Alkali Act, which forced the LeBlanc factories to reclaim 95 percent of the hydrochloric acid gas that they produced. Angus Smith, the Alkali Inspector assigned to enforce the law, demonstrated that industrial towns suffered from higher sulfate levels than did the countryside. When Angus Smith also coined the term acid rain, air pollution became a public issue. By the 1870s, Leblanc factories emitted less than 0.1 percent of the hydrochloric acid gas they produced the rest was reclaimed and sold. 

In some cases it is necessary unambiguously to identify selected components separated during gas chromatographic examination of oil spill material. Such methods are needed from the standpoint of the enforcement of pollution control laws. The coupling of a mass spectrometer to the separated components emerging from a gas chromatographic separation column enables such positive identifications to be made. 

---