Encephalomyocarditis

Li XL, Blackford JA, Hassel BA (1998b) RNase L mediates the antiviral effect of interferon through a selective reduction in viral RNA during encephalomyocarditis virus infection. J Virol 72 2752-2759... 

Lomakin, I. B., Hellen, C. U., and Pestova, T. V. (2000). Physical association of eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) with eIF4A strongly enhances binding of eIF4G to the internal ribosomal entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus and is required for internal initiation of translation. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 6019-6029. 

Fig. 8.5 Demonstration of IFNa2b functionality by the ability of IF-Na2b to protect HeLa cells against the cytopathic effect of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC). Chloroplast derived IFNa2bwas as active as commercially produced Intron A.

The immune system of the mouse may also be susceptible to the effects of acute oral exposures to di-/ -octylphthalate (Dogra et al. 1989). Three-month-old Swiss albino mice were exposed to di-n-octylphthalate by gavage for 5 days at 0, 650, or 2,600 mg/kg/day (acute LD50 was 13,000 mg/kg). Mice were subsequently exposed by intraperitoneal injection to either encephalomyocarditis virus or the malarial protozoan, Plasmodium berghei. Maximum mortality levels were reached 8-10 days after viral infection and were 20% (0 mg/kg/day), 40% (650 mg/kg/day), and 70% (2,600 mg/kg/day). Malarial lethality reached plateau levels 4-11 days postinfection of approximately 20% (0 mg/kg/day), 25% (650 mg/kg/day), and 70% (2,600 mg/kg/day), then increased to 55%, 70%, and 85%, respectively, by postinfection day 19. Respective mean survival times were calculated to be 13.50, 12.15, and 6.25 days. During the first 14 days after protozoal infection, the percentage of mouse erythrocytes infected with the parasite in the high-dose... 

Use, in standard culture conditions, an established cell line sensitive to the cytopathic elfect of a suitable virus (a human diploid fibroblast cell line, free of microbial contamination, responsive to interferon and sensitive to encephalomyocarditis virus, is suitable). 

The following cell cultures and virus have shown to be suitable MDBK cells (ATCC No. CCL22), or Mouse L cells (NCTC clone 929 ATCC No. CCL I) as the cell culture and vesicular stomatitis virus VSV Indiana strain (ATCC No. VR-158) as the infective agent or human diploid fibroblast FS-71 cells responsive to interferon as the cell culture, and encephalomyocarditis virus (ATCC No. VR-129B) as the infective agent. 

The combination of Raman spectroscopy and Raman optical activity provides spectral signatures to assess valuable information on RNA structural motifs in the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Raman and ROA spectra were collected for RNA oligonucleotides to investigate contributions of helix, tetraloop, mismatch base pairs, and asymmetric bulge structures of the RNA... 

The 7-azabenzisoselenazol-3(27/)-ones (169) (Fig. 12), substituted at the 2-position with phenyl or alkyl groups, and the methiodides (170) were found in the antiviral assay to be strong inhibitors of cytopathic activity of herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), more potent than ebselen. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were in the range 0.4-6.0 pg mL 1, substantially lower than those when toxicity was observed. The vesicular stomatis virus (VSV) remained resistant toward tested compounds, except moderately active methiodide (171) [51, 271],... 

Jang, S.K., Krausslich, H.G., Nicklin, M.J., Duke, G.M., Palmenberg, A.C., and Wim-mer, E. (1988) A segment of the 5 nontrans-lated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation. J. Virol. 62, 2636-2643. 

Lithium (at 40 mM) inhibits the replication of herpes virus, pox virus, and adenovirus (DNA viruses) but does not inhibit that of RNA viruses such as influenza virus or encephalomyocarditis virus (209). 

The authors describe an ultrasensitive method that measures RT activity. The assay adopts polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for detecting the cDNA product of the reaction, and therefore was named Amp-RT (3,4). Amp-RT measures the ability of a sample to produce a DNA copy of a known heteropolymeric RNA template by extending a complementary DNA oligoprimer. The RNA template used in Amp-RT is a sequence from the genome of the encephalomyocarditis virus. This chapter describes in detail the Amp-RT method and its use as (1) a qualitative assay for the generic detection of retroviruses, (2) a quantitative method to measure virus loads of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and (3), a screening method for susceptibility of HIV-1 to RT inhibitors. 

The exogenous RNA template (350 bp) used in the Amp-RT assay is prepared from a plasmid-cloned sequence of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) (positions 7114-7516, GenBank accession number M81861), and is generated by in vitro transcription of a T7-tagged PCR product by using T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase. 

More recently, in the 1980s and 1990s new series of fused phenothiazine derivatives, the benzo[a,b or c]phenothiazines (BPHTs), were synthesized [3, 21 and references therein] and have received a great deal of attention, mainly because of their potential applications and their important biomedical properties [12-24]. Indeed, some BPHTs are coloured compounds and have been applied as polycyclic dyes or pigments for synthetic polymers, and also in optical recording media ([21] and references therein). Moreover, certain benzo [a or c]phenothiazine derivatives are potential anti-helmintics, possess an antiviral activity, for example inhibiting the multiplication of encephalomyocarditis viruses in tissue cultures ([21,22], and refer-... 

Thia-8-oxoguanosine 5-amino-3-p-D-ribofuranosylthiazolo[4,5- pyrimidine-2,7(3fJ,6.Ff)-dione, 59 [122970 40-5] synthesized by ICN Pharmaceuticals, (138) has shown broad-spectmm antiviral activity. 7-Thia-8-oxoguanosine, C10H12N4O6S, is highly active in mice and rats against Semliki Forest, San Angelo, benzi, rat corona, and encephalomyocarditis viruses when administered intraperitoneaUy before exposure to the vims (139). The compound was moderately effective in mice infected intraperitoneaUy with HSV-2 or intranasaUy with vesicular stomatitis vims. The mode of antiviral action of (59) in vivo may be due in part to the induction of interferon Ot (138). 

Emend 1538 Eminase 461 Enbrel 7, 24, 463, 1118 Encephalomyocarditis virus 766 Encoded selfassembling chemical libraries (ESACHEL) 1275... 

There have been numerous other host resistance models used for immunotox-icity testing and these have been discussed and reviewed by Burleson and Burleson (2007). The Candida albicans fungal model (Herzyk et al., 2001) is another important model and may be used instead of or in addition to the Listeria monocytogenes model. Candida-specr c IgG and cytokines may also be quantified. Other bacterial host resistance models include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia colt, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, parasitic host resistance models including malaria and Trichinella spiralis, and viral host resistance models including encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and reovirus. 

In 1942, Cohen i found that heparin, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphuric acid precipitated plant viruses, including tobacco mosaic virus, and in this way several viruses were obtained in crystalline form. In tissue culture, heparinoids show a potent reversible inhibitory effect on the early interaction of Herpes simplex virus and cells i , with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 [Ag polyvinyl sulphate/ml. Effects have also been observed with encephalomyocarditis. Heparin has been identified as a component of the virulence-enhancing factor of hog gastric mucin. 

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