Emphysema obstruction

Other disorders of the lower respiratory tract include emphysema (lung disorder in which the terminal bronchioles or alveoli become enlarged and plugged with mucus) and chronic bronchitis (chronic inflammation and possibly infection of die bronchi). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is die name given collectively to emphysema and chronic bronchitis because die obstruction to die airflow is present most of the time. Asdima diat is persistent and present for most of die time may also be referred to as COPD. 

Sympathomimetics (drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system) are used primarily to treat reversible airway obstruction caused by bronchospasm associated with acute and chronic bronchial asthma, exercise-induced bronchospasm, bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis (abnormal condition of the bronchial tree), or other obstructive pulmonary diseases. 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. The most common conditions comprising COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 

One of the major toxicity issues in cannabis consumption relates to the fact that it is most often smoked. Cannabis and tobacco smoke, apart from having different psychoactive constituents, are actually very similar in their composition (Hoffman et ai. 1975). Cannabis smoke is mutagenic, which gives it carcinogenic potential (Nahas and Latour 1992). Although no specific reports of lung cancer or emphysema from cannabis smoke exist, it is at least as harmful as tobacco smoke, containing three times as much tar and five times as much carbon monoxide (Wu et al. 1988). Cannabis smoke inflames the airways and reduces respiratory capacity. Airway obstruction and squamous metaplasias may also occur. 

Box 3.4 Serpins and pulmonary emphysema chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)... 

COPD is a progressive obstruction of the airways as a consequence of small airway disease and emphysema.It is the fourth leading cause of death in developed countries. Chronic inflammation and regulated air supply in the airway are amplified in case of COPD. Decreased activity of histone deacetylase is observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ... 

Particulate matter air pollution is especially harmful to people with lung disease such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, as well as people with heart disease. Exposure to particulate air pollution can trigger asthma attacks and cause wheezing, coughing, and respiratory irritation in individuals with sensitive airways. It was estimated in one major study that the excess risk of total mortality is 6.2% per each increase in 10pgPM2.s/m and 9.3% for cardiopulmonary mortality. ... 

Theophylline reduces contractile activity of smooth musculature, widens bronchi and blood vessels, reduces pulmonary vascular resistance, stimulates the respiratory center, and increases the frequency and power of cardiac contractions. It is used for bronchial asthma, preventing attacks, and systematic treatment. Theophylline is also used for symptomatic treatment of bronchospastic syndrome of a different etiology (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema). A large number of combined drags are based on theophylline. Synonyms of theophylline are adophyllin, asthmophyllin, theocin, and many others. 

Pulmonary conditions These drugs may precipitate or aggravate acidosis. Use with caution in patients with pulmonary obstruction or emphysema when alveolar ventilation may be impaired. 

Injection - To relieve respiratory distress in bronchial asthma or during acute asthma attacks and for reversible bronchospasm in patients with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other obstructive pulmonary diseases severe acute anaphylactic reactions, including anaphylactic shock and cardiac arrest to restore cardiac rhythm. 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)- For long-term, twice daily (morning and evening) administration in the maintenance of bronchoconstriction in patients with COPD including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 

Mucolytic Adjuvant therapy for abnormal, viscid, or inspissated mucus secretions in chronic bronchopulmonary disease (chronic emphysema, emphysema with bronchitis, chronic asthmatic bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, primary amyloidosis of lung) acute bronchopulmonary disease (pneumonia, bronchitis, tracheobronchitis) pulmonary complications of cystic fibrosis tracheostomy care pulmonary complications associated with surgery use during anesthesia posttraumatic chest conditions atelectasis due to mucus obstruction diagnostic bronchial studies (bronchograms, bronchospirometry, bronchial wedge catheterization). 

Chronic exposure can result in obstructive lung disease, emphysema, and kidney disease. Cadmium may also be related to increases in blood pressure (hypertension) and is a possible lung carcinogen. Cadmium affects calcium metabolism and can result in bone loss. This condition has been referred to as Itai-Itai disease, which means Ouch-Ouch in Japanese and reflects the bone pain associated with cadmium effects on calcium. 

One should consider infiuenza- and pneumococcal-vaccination in patients with increased risk for lower RTI including patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease like chronic bronchitis or emphysema and cystic fibrosis patients. It should be considered for the elderly population in general. There is no role for prophylactic antibiotic therapy in patients with frequent RTI. Attempts should be made to have those patients that smoke stop doing so. 

The American Thoracic Society (ATS) defined COPD as a disease state characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema the airflow obstruction is generally progressive, may be accompanied by airway hyperreactivity, and may be partially reversible. 

Chronic bronchitis was defined as the presence of chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of two successive years in a patient in whom other causes of chronic cough have been excluded. Emphysema was defined as abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. The Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society... 

Respiratory system (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD emphysema, chronic bronchitis], acute obstructive lung disease [asthma], chronic restrictive lung disease [connective tissue lung disease])... 

It decreases reversible bronchospasm associated with chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma, silicosis, tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. The resultant decrease in airway obstruction may relieve the dyspnea associated with bronchospasm. 

Royal jelly Tonic Bronchospasm, anaphylaxis Avoid in patients with chronic allergies or respiratory diseases asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, atopy... 

Correct answer = B. o1-Antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic disorder that can cause pulmonary emphysema even in the absence of cigarette use. An deficiency of a1-antitrypsin permits increased elastase activity to destroy elastin in the alveolar walls, even in nonsmokers. a1-antitrypsin deficiency should be suspected when chronic obstructive pulmonary disease develops in a patient younger than 45 years who does not have a history of chronic bronchitis or tobacco use, or when multiple family members develop obstructive lung disease at an early age. 

Inhalation aerosols have been used for the delivery of drugs to the respiratory system since the mid-1950s. The most common dosage form for inhalation is the metered-dose inhaler (MDI), by which the drug is delivered from a pressurized container using a liquefied gas propellant. Medication delivered via this dosage form has allowed for a quick therapeutic response to the symptoms of asthma, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and has resulted in an improvement in the quality of life for millions of asthma sufferers. 

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