Cardiac arrest

Other Potassium and Sodium Disorders. Potassium and/or sodium deficiency can lead to muscle weakness and sodium deficiency to nausea. Hyperkalemia resulting in cardiac arrest is possible from 18 g/d of potassium combined with inadequate kidney function. Faulty utilisation of K" and/or Na" can lead to Addison s or Cushing s disease. 

Lethal Arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are a second significant source of cardiovascular problems. An arrhythmia is an abnormal or irregular heart rhythm. Bradyarrhythmias result in heart rates that are too slow tachyarrhythmias cause abnormally fast rates. A bradyarrhythmia can be debiUtating, causing a person to be short of breath, unable to climb stairs, black out, or even to go into cardiac arrest. Tachyarrhythmias can be un settling and painful at best, life-threatening at worst. 

Other specialized appHcations of cardiac arrest devices include extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) which occurs when the lungs of a premature infant caimot function properly. The market segments for cardiopulmonary support devices are potentially significant. 

Isoproterenol may also be used in cardiac arrest. It is often adrninistered as an iv or intracardiac bolus along with sustained external cardiac massage to circulate the dmg and stimulate the SA pacemaker to resume automaticity (86). 

Hypertension /cardiac ischemia/vaso cons trie tion/central 4- blood pressure Hypertension/cardiac ischemia/skel. muscle blood flow Cardiac inotropy bronchospasm/heart rate/ventricular fibrillation Fascil. cardiac arrest/impairs cardiac perform... 

Cardiac arrest Urticaria Angi oedema Pruritus (jtching)... 

C. if the amphetamine is administered within 14 days of the MAO inhibitor, cardiac arrest may occur... 

Older or debilitated adults may require a reduced dosage of diazepam to reduce ataxia and oversedation. The nurse observesthese patients carefully. Apnea and cardiac arrest have occurred when diazepam is administered to older adults very ill patients and individuals with limited pulmonary reserve. 

Parenteral (IV or IM) administration to older adults the debilitated, and those with limited pulmonary reserve requires that the nurse exert extreme care because the patient may experience apnea and cardiac arrest. Flesuscitative equipment should be readily available during parenterat (particularly IV) administration. 

No significant interactions have been reported when tiie expectorants are used as directed. The exception is iodine products. Lithium and other antithyroid drug may potentiate the hypotliyroid effects of these drug if used concurrently with iodine products. When potassium-containing medications and potassium-sparing diuretics are administered with iodine products, the patient may experience hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias, or cardiac arrest. Thyroid function tests may also be altered by iodine... 

This electrolyte plays a vital role in the acid-base balance of the body. Bicarbonate may be given IV as sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) in the treatment of metabolic acidosis, a state of imbalance that may be seen in diseases or situations such as severe shock, diabetic acidosis, severe diarrhea, extracorporeal circulation of blood, severe renal disease, and cardiac arrest. Oral sodium bicarbonate is used as a gastric and urinary alkalinizer. It may be used as a single drug or may be found as one of the ingredients in some antacid preparations. It is also useful in treating severe diarrhea accompanied by bicarbonate loss. 

Bicarbonate is no longer used as the first line treatment during cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest. Recent evidence suggests little benefit, and the drug may actually be detrimental to resuscitation. According to the American Heart Association, bicarbonate is used when all other treatment options have failed. 

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, bone tenderness or pain, polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, dehydration, muscle weakness and atrophy, stupor, coma, cardiac arrest... 

IV pruritus flush urticaria angioedema (not mandatory) vomiting defecation diarrhea respiratory arrest cardiac arrest... 

Fatal anaphylaxis occurs mostly due to bronchial obstruction or cardiac arrest, but also disseminated intervascular coagulation as well as adrenalin overdose [2, 7, 21, 31]. When anaphylactic reactions are survived, long-lasting sequels are rare. However,... 

Cardiac arrest Drug related eosinophilia with systemic symptoms (DRESS) Symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE) Vasculitis... 

Initial features are mostly pulselessness, difficulty in ventilation, desaturation, and a decreased end-tidal CO2. Cutaneous symptoms are observed in 66-70% of patients in case of IgE-mediated reactions but in more than 90% in non-IgE-mediated reactions. On the contrary, cardiovascular collapse and bronchospasm are more frequent in IgE-dependent reactions (table 2). Severe anaphylaxis may be a primary cardiac arrest [9]. 

Epinephrine is administered by a variety of different routes in anaphylaxis, except for the oral route, which is not feasible because of rapid inactivation of epinephrine in the gastrointestinal tract by catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase [9]. The initial intramuscular epinephrine doses of 0.3-0.5 mg currently recommended for adults with anaphylaxis are low compared with the doses required for resuscitation following cardiac arrest [1, 2,4,18]. 

The application of high concentrations (above 5 x 10 g/mL) of MTX caused a biphasic inotropic change and gradual rise in diastolic tension of the atria. Furthermore, MTX produced various arrhythmic movements and cardiac arrest in the guinea pig left and right atria (Figure 4). 

The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002 346 549-556. 

Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced h)fpother-mia. N Engl J Med 2002 346 557-563. 

Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F, Schorkhuber W, Eisenburger P, Havel C, KUegel A, Laggner AN. Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurological outcome. Arch Intern Med 2001 161(16) 2007-2012. 

M (7/12 ventricular fibrillation after epinephrine challenge, 1/12 cardiac arrest)... 

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