Chronic bronchial asthma

A broncho dilator is a drug used to relieve bron-chospasm associated with respiratory disorders, such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema These conditions are progressive disorders characterized by a decrease in die inspiratory and expiratory capacity of die lung. Collectively, tiiey are often referred to as COPD. The patient with COPD experiences dyspnea (difficulty breatiiing) with physical exertion, has difficulty inhaling and exhaling, and may exhibit a chronic cough. 

Sympathomimetics (drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system) are used primarily to treat reversible airway obstruction caused by bronchospasm associated with acute and chronic bronchial asthma, exercise-induced bronchospasm, bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis (abnormal condition of the bronchial tree), or other obstructive pulmonary diseases. 

Some studies of survivors of massive chlorine exposures have shown either persistent obstructive or restrictive deficits, but pre-exposure data on these patients were not available. Persistent respiratory symptoms, bronchial obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness were observed in 82%, 23%, and 41 % of chronically exposed pulp mill workers, respectively, 18-24 months after cessation of exposure." In most cases it is not known whether prolonged symptoms after chlorine exposure are due to aggravation of preexisting conditions such as tuberculosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or heart disease." "... 

It is used for preventing and relieving bronchospasms in bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and other broncho-pulmonary diseases. Synonyms are bretin and bricanyl. 

It is widely used for severe and chronic bronchial asthma and other illnesses of the respiratory tract that result in a spastic condition of the bronchi. Synonyms of albuterol are aloprol, ventolin, vohna, salbutamol, salbuvent, spreor, and others. 

Epidural/Intrathecal administration Limit epidural or intrathecal administration of preservative-free morphine and sufentanil to the lumbar area. Intrathecal use has been associated with a higher incidence of respiratory depression than epidural use. Asthma and other respiratory conditions The use of bisulfites is contraindicated in asthmatic patients. Bisulfites and morphine may potentiate each other, preventing use by causing severe adverse reactions. Use with extreme caution in patients having an acute asthmatic attack, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, and preexisting respiratory depression, hypoxia, or hypercapnia. Even usual therapeutic doses of narcotics may decrease respiratory drive while simultaneously increasing airway resistance to the point of apnea. Reserve use for those whose conditions require endotracheal intubation and respiratory support or control of ventilation. In these patients, consider alternative nonopioid analgesics, and employ only under careful medical supervision at the lowest effective dose. 

Pulmonary disease Pilocarpine has been reported to increase airway resistance, bronchial smooth muscle tone, and bronchial secretions. Administer with caution and under close medical supervision in patients with controlled asthma, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 

Unlabeled Uses Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiogenic shock, overt cardiac failure, second or third degree AV block, severe sinus bradycardia... 

About 10 yr after men had been gassed, Gilchrist and Matz2 found residual disabilities, such as chronic bronchitis (usually accompanied by emphysema), bronchial asthma, chronic conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, and corneal opacities. 

There is also evidence for the efficacy of aloe extract in patients with chronic bronchial asthma. The effect of aloe extract seems to be due to formation of some prostanoids during dark storage of aloe extract at 4 to 30°C, for a period of 3 to 10 d. 

In subsequent studies (K7), 9 members of 3 different families were loaded with 10 g OL-tryptophan which resulted in a 10-20-fold increase in the 24-hour urinary excretion of kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and xanthurenic acid. It appears to be a genetically conditioned disturbance, with dominant inheritance, involving metabolic reactions dependent upon pyridoxine. In most subjects the urinary changes after tryptophan loading could be corrected by vitamin Be therapy. The following diseases were found in this order of frequency in these subjects and their families bronchial asthma, chronic urticaria, anemia, diabetes, arices, and crural ulcers. Knapp s (K7) conclusion is that these disorders may be partially attributable to metabolic disturbances. 

Bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, and adrenal glucocorticoid hormones have been measured in 53 patients (34 women, 19 men) with chronic bronchial asthma who took either inhaled beclomethasone or budesonide in doses of at least 1500 micrograms/day for at... 

Orally administered corticosteroids are effective in the treatment of chronic bronchial asthma. The inhalation route has been widely used in attempts to avoid systemic side-effects, such as adrenal suppression, but evidence suggests that inhaled steroids are absorbed systemically to a significant extent. The respiratory tract epithelium has permeability characteristics similar to those of the classical biological membrane, so lipid-soluble compounds are absorbed more rapidly than lipid-insoluble molecules. Cortisone, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone are absorbed rapidly by a nonsaturable diffusion process from the lung, the half-time of absorption being of the order of 1-1.7 min. Quaternary ammonium compounds, hippurates and mannitol have absorption half-times, in contrast, of between 45 and 70 min. 

The problems of lack of preceptor selectivity and rapid metabolic inactivation a.ss(x iatcd with i.soprotcrenol have been overcome at least partially by the design and development ofa number ofselcctive/Si-adrenergic receptor agonists. These agents relax smooth muscle of the bronchi, uterus, and skeletal muscle vascular supply. They find their primary use as brunchodilators in the uualmcnt of acute and chronic bronchial asthma and other obstructive pulmonary diseases. 

Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease P2-Agonists Reduce bronchial smooth muscle tone Formeterol, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Terbutaline... 

Although complementary mechanisms may exist, it is apparent that the accumulation of eosinophils is an important event in the development of chronic bronchial inflammation and asthma. While IL-5 is undoubtedly a key cytokine in this process, others such as IL-3 and GM-CSF may also play a role (Humbert,... 

Xanthines Direct relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle Aminophylline Asthma Chronic bronchitis... 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS bronchial asthma chronic bronchitis pulmonary edema dermatitis. 

Theophylline is widely used for the treatment and symptomatic relief of acute and chronic bronchial asthma, bronchospasm, cardiac dyspnea and angina pectoris. 

Honey is also exceptionally effective in respiratory ailments. A Bulgarian study of 17,862 patients found that honey was effective in improving chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic and allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis. It is effective in the treatment of colds, flu, respiratory infections, and general depressed immune problems. 

Beta 2 adrenergic agonists Acute and chronic bronchial asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, acute hypersensitive (allergic) reaction to drugs, delays delivery in premature labor, dysmenorrhea Common drug examples ... 

Respiratory disease may often be traced to an external source such as an inhaled allergen, pathogen, particulate matter, chemical irritant, or other, undefined material. Ideally, the resulting disease state would be abolished by removing the suspect material from the environment however, often this is not possible. We are left then to define effective drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic pulmonary emphysema, and a variety of other debilitating respiratory diseases. 

Chronic bronchitis (CB), chronic pulmonary emphysema (CPE) and chronic bronchial asthma (CBA) are common diseases. The concurrence in individual patients of CB and CPE is frequent and of CBA and CB is not unusual. In the United States, the incidence of CB with or without CPE is about 15-30% of all adults (1 ). The estimates for CBA are around 3% ( ). These diseases account for a significant proportion of the morbidity and mortality from all causes. Preventive measures and the use of therapeutic modalities aimed at reversing the pathologic change would be expected to have a significant impact in decreasing the incidence of disability and premature death. 

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