Cadmium effects

Ghnaya, T., Nouairi, I., Slama, I., Messedi, D., Grignon, C., Abdelly, C., and Ghorbel, M.H., Cadmium effects on growth and mineral nutrition of two halophytes Sesuvium portulacastrum and Mesembry-anthemum crystallinum, Journal of Plant Physiology, 162 (10), 1133-1140, 2005. 

Brown, D.A., S.M. Bay, and G.P. Hershelman. 1990. Exposure of scorpionfish Scorpaena guttata) to cadmium effects of acute and chronic exposures on the cytosolic distribution of cadmium, copper and zinc. Aquat. Toxicol. 16 295-310. 

Visviki, L. and J.W. Rachlin. 1994a. Acute and chronic exposure of Dunaliella salina and Chlamydomonas bullosa to copper and cadmium effects on growth. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 149-153. 

Belmonte, N.M., O.E. Rivera, and J. Herkovits. 1989. Zinc protection against cadmium effects on preimplantation mouse embryos. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43 107-110. 

Rivera, O.E., N. Belmonte, and J. Herkovits. 1990. Zinc protection against cadmium effect on estrual cycle of Wistar rat. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 25 35-38. 

Chronic exposure can result in obstructive lung disease, emphysema, and kidney disease. Cadmium may also be related to increases in blood pressure (hypertension) and is a possible lung carcinogen. Cadmium affects calcium metabolism and can result in bone loss. This condition has been referred to as Itai-Itai disease, which means Ouch-Ouch in Japanese and reflects the bone pain associated with cadmium effects on calcium. 

Barata C, Baird DJ, Soares AMVM. 2002a. Demographic responses of a tropical cladoceran Moinodaphnia macleayi to cadmium effects of food supply and density. Ecol Appl 12 552-564. 

It should be noted that in most of these studies, especially in those on the barley leaf discs, the metal concentrations applied are significantly higher than those found in the field. It remains, therefore, to be proven that the cadmium effects described occur at the metal concentrations present in intact plants growing in situ on a cadmium-contaminated substrate. 

Lauwerys RR, Buchet JP, Roels HA, Brouwers J, Stanescu D. Epidemiological survey of workers exposed to cadmium. - Effects on lung, kidney, and several biological indices. Arch Environ Health 1974 28 145-148. 

Whanger, P. D., 1979, Cadmium effects in rats on tissue iron, selenium and blood pressure Blood and hair cadmium in some Oregon residents. Environ. Health Persp. 28 115. 

Neubert D, Merker HJ, Nau H, Langman J (1978) Role of pharmacokinetics in prenatal and perinatal toxicology. Georg Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart Prigge E (1978) Inhalative cadmium effects in pregnant and fetal rats. Toxicology 10 297... 

Rossi A, Manzo L, Orrenius S, Vahter M, Nicotera P (1991) Modifications of cell signaling in the cytotoxicity of metals. Pharmacol Toxicol 68 424-429 Sacco-Gibson N, Chaudhry S, Brock A, Sickles AB, Patel B, Hegstad R, Johnston S, Peterson D, Bhattacharyya M (1992) Cadmium effects on bone metabolism accelerated resorption in ovarectomized, aged beagle dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 113 274-283... 

After chronic exposure, cadmium accumulates in the human body and causes kidney diseases, especially lesions of proximal tubular cells. A tubular proteinuria causes an increase in urinary excretion of microproteins. Excretions of retinol binding protein (RBP), (32-microglobulin ((32-M), and a 1-microglobulin are validated biomarkers for analyzing cadmium effects. For this purpose, immunological procedures such as ELISA, and radio- and latex-immunoassays are used. 

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