Emphysema chronic

Chronic Pulmonary Toxicity Chronic damage to the lungs may be due to several subsequent exposures or due to one large dose that markedly exceeds the capacity of pulmonary defense, clearance, and repair mechanisms. Chronic pulmonary toxicity includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, lung fibrosis, and lung cancer. The single most important reason for chronic pulmonary toxicity is tobacco smoke, which induces all types of chronic pulmonary toxicity, with the exception of fibrosis. 

The definition above has replaced older ones that focused to varying degrees on chronic bronchitis and/ or emphysema. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema frequently represent different consequences of the same insult leading to changes in large aiiways, small airways and pulmonary parenchyma (Table 1). 

COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as a chronic productive cough for at least 3 months in each of two consecutive years in a patient in whom other causes have been excluded.1 Emphysema is defined pathologically as the presence of permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis.1 The major risk factor for both conditions is cigarette smoking, and many patients share characteristics of each condition. Therefore, new consensus guidelines have moved away from using these subsets and instead focus on chronic airflow limitation. 

Box 3.4 Serpins and pulmonary emphysema chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)... 

Respiratory effects in animals after inhalation exposure to nickel were similar to those observed in humans. The effects included increased lung weights, emphysema, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, macrophage hyperplasia, interstitial infiltrates, and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium (Benson et al. 1989 Dunnick et al. 1989 NTP 1996a, 1996b, 1996c Ottolenghi et al. 1974). Respiratory effects in animals were observed after inhalation exposure to both soluble and less-soluble nickel compounds. 

Respiratory system (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD emphysema, chronic bronchitis], acute obstructive lung disease [asthma], chronic restrictive lung disease [connective tissue lung disease])... 

Common cold, influenza, chronic bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary emphysema, chronic sinusitis, skin disorders and depression. 

Asthma, pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, hyperventilation, arrhythmia, tachycardia, insomnia, colitis, chronic enteritis, dysentery, food allergy, premature ejaculation, spermatorrhea, urinary incontinence and enuresis. 

Mechanical forces that occur during breathing have been reported to be capable of causing failure of the ECM at loci of stress and to contribute to the progression of emphysema. Chronic asthma is associated with a marked increase in the airway wall thickness, and an increased muscle cell mass. Hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle cells in vivo is probably accompanied by a change in contractile capacity and appears to be a consequence of the increased forces required for breathing through narrowed airways. 

Emphysema Chronic lung disease in which there is permanent destruction of alveoli... 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic to humans by inhalation. Ver irritating by inhalation. Human mutation data reported. Human respirator system effects by inhalation changes in the trachea or bronchi, emphysema, chronic pulmonary edema or congestion. A strong irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Questionable carcinogen. 

The approach most commonly used to evaluate effects on distal airways in clinical and occupational medicine is the maximum forced expiratory maneuver, which allows measurement of airflows as a function of lung volume from total lung capacity to residual volume. Typically, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume at 1 s (as a % of FVC) (FEVi) are measured. Peak expiratory flow is a frequently used measure since simple portable devices permit self-evaluation by patients with obstructive disease. Decreased airflow rates are seen with emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and following... 

COPD inciudes the terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is defined in ciinicai terms, whereas emphysema is defined in terms of anatomic pathoi-ogy. Because most patient exhibit some features of each disease, the current emphasis of COPD pathophysioiogy is on smaii airway disease and parenchymai damage that contributes to chronic airfiow iimitation. 

Three of the cell types in the epithelium have secretory functions. These cells are the mucous (goblet) cells, serous cells, and Clara cells. These cells contribute to the secretion of airway mucus, a complex mixture of water, glycoproteins, immunoglobulins, lipids, and salts. The secretion of mucus is a defense function that contributes to the removal of foreign objects from lung airways via the mucociliary transport process, as described in later sections of this chapter. Excess mucus secretion can be detrimental, however, since it can obstruct the movement of air through the airways and is a component of certain pulmonary diseases such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. A hypertrophy of secretory cells in the epithelial layer of the airways is often characteristic of these diseases. 

Indications Cold rheum internally amassed. Chronic tracheitis, acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, edema, ascites, chronic nephritis, atrophic kidney, pleurisy, beriberi, and cardiac asthma... 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Inhalation human LC50 3200 mg/m inhalation human TCLo 25 ppm for 30 minutes Acute Risks irritation of eyes and skin severe respiratory effects choking chest constriction paintul breathing bloody sputum pulmonary edema pulmonary emphysema Chronic Risks not available. 

Here again we have the problem of extrapolation but at least from a whole animal. In the whole animal, as in man, the multiple processes of metabolic activation and inactivation, and cellular interactions can occur and result in observable disease which is not the case in isolated cells. Therefore, why have we not been very successful in these types of studies Firstly, only a few life-time inhalation studies have been completed. Secondly, there has been only a limited success in developing animal models for human diseases, pulmonary and otherwise. We are interested in those diseases which are most likely to be associated with the inhalation of incompletely combusted plant and/or animal material. These diseases include lung cancer, emphysema, chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular disease. 

Have chest or breathing problems like chronic asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis ... 

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