Standards source emissions

Sources for efficiency calibration These y-ray emission standard sources, and the associated kits, enable a direct and accurate plot of the efficiency/energy curve of y-ray spectrometers, without use of the decay parameters of radionuclides. The multigamma standard sources enable a direct and rapid plot of the efficiency/energy curve of y-ray spectrometers, without use of the decay parameters of radionuclides (Fig. 4.4c). These two methods differ mainly by their accuracies. For calibration at high energies, a 6.13 MeV special source is proposed. 

Emission Standards. In order to have a nationwide basis for air pollution emission controls and to set a minimum emission limit, the EPA developed New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). The NSPS set specific poUutant emission limits or describe the best available control technology (BACT) that should be appUed at that source. The EPA has issued NSPS, which apply to new constmction as weU as to large modifications, for many different sources. Sources in the chemical industry include the foUowing. 

Sources Subject to Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Sources subject to PSD regulations (40 CFR, Sec. 52.21, Aug. 7, 1980) are major stationary sources and major modifications located in attainment areas and unclassified areas. A major stationaiy source was defined as any source hsted in Table 25-4 with the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of any pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act (CAA) or any other source with the potential to emit 250 tons per year or more of any CAA pollutant. The potential to emit is defined as the maximum capacity to emit the pollutant under apphcable emission standards and permit conditions (after apphcation of any air pollution control equipment) excluding secondaiy emissions. A major modification is defined as any physical or operational change of a major stationaiy source producing a significant net emissions increase of any CAA pollutant (see Table 25-5). 

In addition, the PMio NAAQS will continue to place emphasis on quantifying and reducing particulate emissions in the less than 10- Im particle-size range. Particle size-specific emission factors have been developed for many sources, and size-specific emission standards have been developed in a number of states. These standards are addressing concerns related to HAP emissions of hea y metals, which are generaUy associated with the submicron particles. 

Promulgate technology-based emission standards for lisfed pollutants and sources. 

The most recent compilation of emission standards for processes and substances emitted from processes in the industrialized countries of the world was the companion Volume II of the source of Table 22-10 (see Jarrault in Suggested Reading). 

Existing stationary sources may require modification of existing systems or installation of newer, more efficient control devices to meet more restrictive emission standards. Such changes are often required by control agencies when it can be shown that a new control technology is superior to older... 

Gasoline-powered motor vehicles outnumber all other mobile sources combined in the number of vehicles, the amount of energy consumed, and the mass of air pollutants emitted. It is not surprising that they have received the greatest share of attention regarding emission standards and air pollution control systems. Table 25-2 shows the U.S. federal emission control requirements for gasoline-powered passenger vehicles. 

EPA Federal Register, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework Facilites 60, 170 p. 45947, 1995. 

Another study found that trichloroethylene can be absorbed from the atmosphere by foods and concentrated over time, so that acceptable ambient air levels may still result in food levels which exceed acceptable limits (Grob et al. 1990). The authors estimated that in order to limit food concentrations of trichloroethylene to 50 pg/kg (the maximum tolerated limit for food halocarbons in Switzerland), the level in surrounding air should not exceed 38.5 pg/m (0.007 ppm). Since the accepted levels found near emission sources are often far above this limit, foods processed or sold near these sources may routinely exceed the tolerated trichloroethylene concentration, thus making the setting of air emission standards problematic. It is also noteworthy that the limits recommended by Grob et al. (1990) exceed acceptable ambient air concentrations for many regions of the United States (see Chapter 7). 

Air toxics regulations apply to several parts of the pulp and paper milling process. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) have been developed expressly for two processes of the pulp and paper industry. These standards establish process-based maximum achievable control technologies (MACT) for major sources, which are defined as facilities that emit or have the potential to emit 10 t per year or more of any hazardous air pollutant (HAP) or 25 t per year or more of any combination of HAPs. 

Source U.S. EPA, Fact Sheet—Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards, EPA530-F-05-018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, September 2005 and U.S. EPA, 40 CFR Parts 9, 63, 260, 264, 265, 266, 270 and 271, National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants Final standards for hazardous air pollutants for hazardous waste combustors, final rule, Federal Register, 70, 196, October 12, 2005. a Standards expressed as mass of pollutant per million Btu contributed by the hazardous waste. 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories... 

EPA. 1984. Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of acrylonitrile. Research Triangle Park, NC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-450/4-84-007a. 

National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for source categories... 

Boatbuilders who use composites have, at most, just one more year before they have to reduce emissions to meet National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESH AP), also known as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards. By 23rd Aug. 2004, most boat manufacturing facilities subject to NESHAP must comply with 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 63, Subpart VVW. The deadline applies to existing boat manufacturing facilities that are major sources of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Existing sources are those that commenced construction on or before July 14, 2000. ( New sources , those that commenced construction after this date, must comply with emission limits at startup.) Major sources are facilities that have the potential to... 

Because of the stringent emissions standards imposed on both mobile and stationary power sources, methods for reducing NO must be found moreover, such methods should not impair the efficiency of the device. The simplest method of reducing NO, particularly from gas turbines, is by adding water to the combustor can. Water vapor can reduce the O radical concentration by the following scavenging reaction ... 

Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the mandate is to establish, during the first phase, technology-based maximum achievable control technology (MACT) emission standards that apply to the major categories or subcategories of sources of the listed hazardous air pollutants (EPA, 1997). In addition, Title III provides for health-based standards that address the issue of residual risks due to air toxic emissions from the sources equipped with MACT and to determine whether the MACT standards can protect health with an ample margin of safety. 

Emission standard the maximum amount of a specific pollutant permitted to be discharged from a particular source in a given environment. 

NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants emission standards for specific source categories that emit or have the potential to emit one or more hazardons air pollutants the standards are modeled on the best practices and most effective emission reduction methodologies in use at the affected facilities. 

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