Pluripotent embryonic stem cells

Knowledge gained from cell adhesion studies with SAMs has been used to develop culture substrates with the appropriate cell adhesion glycoproteins for different types of cells [7-10], Stem cells, capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types, are found in embryonic and adult tissues. Pluripotent stem cells, like embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, have been developed in vitro. These cells are expected to provide cell sources for regenerative medicine. Various culture conditions have been developed to enable expansion of these cells without loss of their multi- and pluripotency and to induce differentiation into viable cells with specific functions. 

Cell transplantation has shown promise as a method for treating serious diseases. Various kinds of pluripotent stem cells have been developed or identified, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Moreover, the differentiation of stem cells to functional cells has been extensively studied. Previous studies have demonstrated that the transplantation of islet of Langerhans cells (islets) could successfully treat type 1 diabetes. Islets are insulin-secreting cells found in the pancreas. Over 200 patients... 

Ronaghi M, Erceg S, Moreno-Manzano V, Stojkovic M (2010) Challenges of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury Human embryonic stem cells, endogenous neural stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells Stem Cells 28 93-99... 

Wartenberg M, Donmez F, Ling FC et al (2001) Tumor-induced angiogenesis studied in confrontation cultures of multicellular tumor spheroids and embryoid bodies grown from pluripotent embryonic stem cells. FASEB J 15 995-1005... 

Stem cells are present in the earliest stage of embryonic development the blastocyst. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are capable of generating any terminally differentiated cell in the human body that is derived from any one of the three embryonic germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm [8]. All the body s organs arise through a series of divisions and differentiations from the original embryonic stem cells that form the blastocyst [3]. 

Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (ES-D3 cell line, ATCC, Rockville, MD), Stock, with 1 x 10 cells/ml, stored in liquid Nitrogen. 

Hwang WS, Ryu YJ, Park JH, Park ES, Lee E, Koo, JM, Jeon HY, Lee BC, Kang SK, Kim SJ, Ahn C, Hwang JH, Park KY, Cibelli JB, Moon SY (2004), Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst, Science 303 1669-1674. 

Two major kinds of stem cells occur in the body the embryonic stem cell and the adult (somatic) stem cell. Embryonic stem cells lie inside the cell mass of the blastocyst. The blastocyst forms about two to five days after fertilization and contains a disc of about 30 cells. The trophoblast is a mass of cells that surrounds the blastocyst a blastocoel is the hollow cavity inside the embryo. The 30 embryonic stem cells are each pluripotent, and capable of changing into any cell of the body. 

Stem cells. Embryonic and adult stem cells are distinguished. Embryonic stem cells are taken from an early stage of the embryo, such as from blastocytes. They are undifferentiated and totipotent. Their potential to differentiate and to form different cell lines is unlimited. Adult stemcells are taken from the blood forming bone marrow, from epithelial cells from the skin and other sources. They are pluripotent. Both, embryonic totipotent and adult pluripotent stem cells can replace functionally differentiated cells and tissues in the body. Stem cells can divide. After division, they may form again a stem cell or proceed to a final, fully differentiated state. 

A. and Chambers, L, The homeodomain protein Nanog and pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33, 1518-1521, 2005 Silva, J., Chambers, L, Pollard, S., and Smith, A., Nanog promotes transfer of pluripotency afer cell fusion. Nature 441, 997-1001, 2006. 

Stem cells normally are classified, based on their origin and differentiation capacity, as either embryonic or adult stem cells (1). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. ESCs can self-renew indefinitely and are pluripotent—(the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the embryo proper). Adult stem cells are undifferentiated (unspecialized) cells that are found in differentiated, or specialized, tissue. They have limited self-renewal capability and generally can only differentiate into the specialized cell types of the tissue in which they reside. These cells function as the reservoir for cell/tissue renewal during normal homeostasis or tissue regeneration. Sources of adult stem cells have been found in most tissues, including bone marrow, blood stream, cornea... 

Sato N, et al. Maintenance of pluripotency in human and mouse embryonic stem cells through activation of Wnt signaling by a pharmacological GSK-3-specific inhibitor. Nat. Med. 2004 10 55-63. 

Loh YH, et al. The Oct4 and Nanog transcription network regulates pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat. 72. Genet. 2006 38 431-140. 

Human embryonic stem cells were first collected in 1998 by two different research teams. The cells obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (4- to 5-day embryo) are embryonic stem cells (ESC) in contrast, cells cultured from the primordial germ cells of 5- to 9-week fetuses are embryonic germ cells (EGC). In the laboratory, ES or EG cells can proliferate indefinitely in an undifferentiated state but can also be manipulated to become specialized or partially specialized cell types, a process known as directed differentiation. Both ES and EG cells are pluripotent, meaning they have the potential to develop into more than 200 different known cell types. This class of human stem cells holds the promise of being able to repair or replace cells or tissues that are damaged or destroyed by many of our most devastating diseases and disabilities. 

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) Inner cell mass of the blastocyst (4- to 5-day embryo) Infinite Pluripotent (Can differentiate into every cell of the organism except for the trophoblast)... 

Amit M, Carpenter MK, Inokuma MS et al (2000) Clonally derived human embryonic stem cell lines maintain pluripotency and proliferative potential for prolonged periods of culture. Dev Biol 227(2) 271-278... 

Yang L, Soonpaa MH, Adler ED et al (2008) Human cardiovascular progenitor cells develop from a KDR plus embryonic-stem-cell-derived population. Nature 453(7194) 524-526. Lian XJ, Hsiao C, Wilson G et al (2012) Robust cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells via temporal modulation of canonical Wnt signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(27) E1848-E1857... 

Masui S et al (2007) Pluripotency governed by Sox2 via regulation of Oct3/4 expression in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 9(6) 625-635... 

Kim J et al (2008) An extended transcriptional network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Cell 132(6) 1049-1061 Yu J et al (2007) Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318(5858) 1917-1920... 

Liang G, Zhang Y (2013) Embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell an epigenetic perspective. Cell Res 23(1 ) 49-69 Wang P, Na J (2011) Mechanism and methods to induce pluripotency. Protein Cell 2(10) 792-799... 

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