Embryonic germ cells

Manova, K., and Bachvarova, R. F. (1991). Expression of c-kit encoded at the W locus of mice in developing embryonic germ cells and presumptive melanoblasts. Dev. Biol. 146 312-324. 

First established culture of human embryonic germ cells (hEGC)... 

Schamblott MJ, Axelman J, Littlefield JW, Blumenthal PK, Huggins GR, Cui Y, Cheng L, Gearhart JD. Human embryonic germ cell derivatives express a broad range of developmentally distinct markers and proliferate extensively in vitro. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2001 98 113-8. 

EGC embryonic germ cell GCDC germinal center dendritic cell... 

Human embryonic stem cells were first collected in 1998 by two different research teams. The cells obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (4- to 5-day embryo) are embryonic stem cells (ESC) in contrast, cells cultured from the primordial germ cells of 5- to 9-week fetuses are embryonic germ cells (EGC). In the laboratory, ES or EG cells can proliferate indefinitely in an undifferentiated state but can also be manipulated to become specialized or partially specialized cell types, a process known as directed differentiation. Both ES and EG cells are pluripotent, meaning they have the potential to develop into more than 200 different known cell types. This class of human stem cells holds the promise of being able to repair or replace cells or tissues that are damaged or destroyed by many of our most devastating diseases and disabilities. 

Embryonic Germ Cells (EGC) Primordial germ cells of 5-to 9-week fetuses Infinite Totipotent (Can differentiate into every cell of the organism)... 

Several ceU sources have been used for experimental ceU therapy approaches pluripotent stem cells like embryonic stem cells from the blastocyst and embryonic germ cells [47, 48], human cord-blood derived cells [49], but also cultured cell lines. Neural stem cells (stem cells forming neuronal as well as glial cell lineages) isolated from different parts of the brain known to harbor multipotent neural stem cells [50-52] are also an option. In a non-neurode-generative indication, a cultured cell line was used to treat patients after stroke in a pilot clinical trial. The cells were transplanted in the paramedian plane and treatment was reported to be safe, with signs of efficacy [53]. 

Thomson JA, Odorico JS. Human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cell lines. Trends Biotechnol 2000, 18, 53-57. 

Klemm M, Genschow E, Pohl I, et al. (2001). Permanent embryonic germ cell lines of BALB/c J mice—an in vitro alternative for in vivo germ cell mutagenicity tests. Toxicol. In Vitro. 15 447-453. 

A.T. Hillel, S. Varghese, J. Petsche, M.J. Shamblott, J.H. EUsseeff, Embryonic germ cells are capable of adipogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Eng Part A 15 (2009) 479 86. 

Kerr DA, Llado J, Shamblott MJ, Maragakis NJ, Irani DN, Crawford TO, Krishnan C, Dike S, Gearhart JD, Rothstein JD (2003) Human embryonic germ cell derivatives facilitate motor recovery of rats with diffuse motor neuron injury. J Neurosci 23(12) 5131-5140. 

Rui R, Shim H, Moyer AL, Anderson DL, Penedo CT, Rowe JD, BonDurant RH, Anderson GB (2004) Attempts to enhance production of porcine chimeras from embryonic germ cells and preimplantation embryos. Theriogenology 61(7-8) 1225-12-35. 

Labosky PA, Barlow DP, Hogan BL (1994) Embryonic germ cell lines and their derivation from mouse primordial germ cells. Ciba Eound Symp 182 157-168 discussion 168-178. 

Human embryonic germ cells None PEDGA Chondrocytes-conditioned media-1-10 ng/mL TGF-pl 21 days Histology, gene, and protein expression cartilage matrix formation... 

Varghese, S. et al., Chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic germ cell derived cells in hydrogels. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2006.1 2643-6. 

---