Knowledge Gained

The illuminated OCP can be used to estimate the Eft, if the above-band gap illumination (hv Eg) is sufficiently intense to completely remove pre-existing band bending at the surface and the material does not have very fast carrier 

Chen et al., Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, SpringerBriefs in Energy, DOI 10.1007/978-l-4614-8298-7 6, The Author(s) 2013 

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The first two of these we can readily approach with the knowledge gained from the studies of trappmg and sticking of rare-gas atoms, but the long timescales involved in the third process may perhaps more usefiilly be addressed by kinetics and transition state theory [35]. 

In this situation, particularly when a broad range of organic reactions has to be predicted, the simulation of reactions based on knowledge gained from experience is the method of choice. This will be the theme of this chapter. 

Apply the knowledge gained by studying Table 20 1 to help you... 

Usually there is no opportunity to repeat the measurements to determine the experimental variance or standard deviation. This is the most common situation encountered in field measurements. Each measurement is carried out only once due to restricted resources, and because field-measured quantities are often unstable, repetition to determine the spread is not justified. In such cases prior knowledge gained in a laboratory with the same or a similar meter and measurement approach could be used. The second alternative is to rely on the specifications given by the instrument manufacturer, although instrumenr manufacturers do not normally specify the risk level related to the confidence limits they are giving. 

It is said that necessity is the mother of invention. This adage says volumes about the early development of the laser. Unring World War II, U.S. mihtaiy and civilian scientists searched frantically for improved radar. Wliile these researchers met with only mixed success, their efforts spurred basic research. After the war, using knowledge gained from this line of inquiiy, the first successful laser was developed in 1960. 

Analysis proceeds from the assumption that in order to understand a system one must first break it up into its constituent parts. Understanding then comes from the knowledge gained by reconstructing the system. But for systems whose dynamics depend critically on interaction between pai ts, analysis often misses the essential characteristics of the whole system. Synthesis is the complementary act of putting the individual pieces together in order to understand what they do collectively. Understanding complex synthesis requires that both analysis and synthesis be done. 

An important general goal of experimental organic chemists is to compare their results on one particular reaction with related results obtained by theoretical chemists, and to address the question of whether the knowledge gained for that reaction can be applied semiquantitatively to related processes, or whether it is specific for that given reaction. 

Important observable parameters such as the apparent activation energy and the reaction order can be derived using our knowledge gained in Chapter 2 ... 

GRAFT COPOLYMERS. Goggarty was one of the first applications specialists to propose, in 1978, that graft copolymers by used for resource recovery(34) A number of such graft copolymers have now been made and tested and the knowledge gained about products based on lignin and starch will be summarized below. 

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