Electrophoresis applications

Electropherograms of a urine sample (8 ml) spiked with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (10 p-g/ml each) after direct CE analysis (b) and at-line SPE-CE (c). Peak identification is as follows I, ibuprofen N, naproxen K, ketoprofen P, flurbiprofen. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, 6 719, J. R. Veraait et al., At-line solid-phase exti action for capillary electrophoresis application to negatively charged solutes, pp. 199-208, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science. 

Ferguson, KA, Starch-Gel Electrophoresis— Application to the Classification of Pituitary Proteins and Polypeptides, Metabohsm 13, 985, 1964. 

Stover, F. S. (1997). Organic acids and organic ions. In "Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis Applications", (H. Shintani and J. Polonsky, Eds), pp. 550-579. Chapman and Hall, London. 

BUCHBERGER, W., Inorganic ions. In Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis Applications (H. Shintani and J. Polonsky, eds.), Blackie Academic Professional, London. 1997, pp. 531-549... 

Biomolecular MS and in particular MALDI-TOF-MS (see Sections 2.1.22 and 2.2.1) permit the routine analysis of oligonucleotides up to 70-mers, intact nucleic acids, and the direct detection of DNA products with no primer labels with an increase in analysis speed and mass accuracy especially in contrast to traditional DNA separation techniques such as slab gels or capillary electrophoresis. Applications focus on the characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short tandem repeats (STRs). Precise and accurate gene expression measurements show relative and absolute numbers of target molecules determined independently of the number of PCR cycles. DNA methylation can be studied quantitatively. 

Just as gel electrophoresis methodology is commonly used to determine homogeneity, as well as molecular weights of proteins these techniques may be used similarly for dendrimer analysis. Other uses have included the assessment of DNA/dendrimer binding constants which have been studied using gel electrophoresis. Application of gel electrophoresis in dendritic science will be discussed from these three aspects. 

Guzman, N. A. (2004). Immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis applications of clinical and pharmaceutical relevance. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378(1), 37-39. 

Cherkaoui, S., Varesio, E., Christen, P., and Veuthey, J. L. (1998). Selectivity manipulation using nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Application to tropane alkaloids and amphetamine derivatives. Electrophoresis 19, 2900—2906. 

F Lelievre, P Gareil, A Jardy. Selectivity in capillary electrophoresis application to chiral separations with cyclodextrins. Anal Chem 69 385—392, 1997. 

J. Polonsky, Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis Applications (London ... 

C. Monnig and R. Kennedy, Anal. Chem. 66, 208R-314R (1994). Review of capillary electrophoresis applications. 

BL Ling, WRG Baeyens, P Van Acker, C Dewaele. Determination of ascorbic acid and isoascorbic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis application to fruit juices and to a pharmaceutical formulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 10 717-721, 1992. 

Another difference between other types of electrophoresis and disc electrophoresis is that the molecules in a sample do not start to significandy separate until entering the separating gel. A discontinuous gel system may be used with almost any type of zone electrophoresis application. 

Rivasseau, C., Blanc, P. 2001. Determination of C4-C14 carboxylic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis - Application to the identification of diamide degradation products and partitioning studies. J. Chromatogr. A 920 345-358. 

J. R. Veraart, C. Gooijer, H. Lingeman, N. H. Velthorst and U. A. Th Brinkman, At-line solid-phase extraction for capillary electrophoresis application to negatively charged solutes , 7. Chmmatogr. B 719 199-208 (1998). 

Carabias-Martinez, R., E. Rodriquez-Gonzalo, J. Dominquez-Alvarez, and J. Hemandez-Mendez (2002). Comparative study of separation and determination of triazines by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis Application to residue analysis in natural waters. Electrophoresis, 23 494—501. 

Ferguson, K. A. (1964). Starch-gel electrophoresis—Application to the classification of pituitary proteins and polypeptides. Metabolism 13(Suppl.), 985—1002. 

Becker, H., Lowack, K., Manz, A., Planar quartz chips with submicron channels for two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis applications.. /. Micromech. Microeng. 1998, 8, 24-28. 

A review of capillary electrophoresis applications in pharmaceutical analysis was published in 1993, and the goal of this chapter is to provide an update on the various disciplines within the technique and includes selected applications. Recent developments in the areas of capillary technology, instrumentation, and detection will be reviewed here. Useful strategies for method development involving several classes of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology products will be addressed. The formats within capillary electrophoresis have evolved to such an extent that this chapter is not comprehensive in scope. Therefore, the reader will be directed to other reviews on the various aspects of capillary electrophoresis. Of particular interest to many separation scientists may be a special issue of an Applied Biosystems Newsletter, which addresses the future role of CE, method development in CE, and selected applications in the area of drug analysis and protein separations [7]. 

FMOC-Derivatized Amino Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis, Application Note 134, LPN 034822 5M 11/92. Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, 1992. 

Radioisotope detection is used widely in HPLC but has received little attention in capillary electrophoresis applications (3-61. 

H8. Hardman, D. A., and Kane, J. P., Improved separation of high molecular weight proteins by preparative SDS gel electrophoresis Application to apolipopiotein B. Anal. Biochem. 105, 174-180 (1980). 

Miller JM, Blackburn AC, Shi Y et al. (2002) Semi-empirical relationships between effective mobility, charge, and molecular weight of pharmaceuticals by pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis Applications in drug discovery. Electrophoresis 23 2833-2841... 

Sestier C, Da-Silva MF, Sabolovic D, Roger J, Pons JN (1998) Snrface modification of snperparamagnetic nanoparticles (ferroflnid) stndied with particle electrophoresis Application to the specific targeting of cells. Enrophoresis 19 1220-1226... 

CHEMOMETRICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN-BASED OPTIMIZATION STUDIES IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS APPLICATIONS... 

B. Fiszer-Szafarz. Hyaluronidase polymorphism detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Application to hyaluronidases from bacteria, slime molds, bee and snake venoms, bovine testes, rat liver lysosomes and human serum. Anal. Biochem. 143 16 (1984). 

The various capillary electrophoresis applications shown in this table are only a selected group of pharmaceutical drugs analyzed by CE. For a more comprehensive studies of drugs determined by capillary electrophoresis, see Refs. 55-57,77,83,86,92,121-128. 

MR Hadley, P Camilleri, AJ Hutt. Enantiomeric analysis by capillary electrophoresis Applications in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Electrophoresis 21 ... 

A Karbaum, T Jira. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis Application possibilities and suitability of various solvents for the separation of basic analytes. Electrophoresis 20 3396-3401, 1999. 

TJ O Shea. Analysis of pharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis. In H Shin-tani, J Polonsky, eds. Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis Applications. London Blackie, 1997, pp 301-323. 

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