Assay techniques electrophoresis applications

Capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), 4 641 Capillary electrodes, 14 27 Capillary electrophoresis (CE), 4 602-603, 631-633 6 385 9 751-752 antibody based columns with, 6 402 chiral additives, 6 77-79 applications, 4 641 basic principles, 4 606-609 detectors, 4 634-635 for DNA analysis, 4 636-637 flow profiles generated, 4 608 instrumentation, 4 633 as microfluidic assay technique,... 

The application area of LC-MS is rapidly growing. LC-MS is now regularly used for the analysis of many different types of compound drugs and metabolites, herbicides-pesticides and metabolites, surfactants, dyes, saccharides, lipids-phospholipids, steroids, and many others. In our opinion, the area that profits more from the development of LC-MS is bioanalysis natural products, proteins, peptides, nucleosides, and metabolic studies. Despite the current trends toward immunoassays-biospecific assays and capillary electrophoresis, LC-MS is an extremely powerful analytical technique that is considered complementary to the above mentioned, rather than competitive. 

Poulsen HE, Loft S (1998) Interpretation of oxidative DNA modification Relation between tissue levels, excretion of urinary repair products and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). In Aruoma 01, Halliwell B (eds) DNA free radicals Techniques, mechanisms and applications. OICA International, London, pp 261-70 Poulsen HE, Loft S, Weimann A (2000) Urinary measurement of 8-oxodG (8-oxo-2 -de-oxyguanosine). In Lunec J, Griffiths HR (eds) Measuring in vivo oxidative damage a practical approach. Wiley, London, pp 69-80... 

Electrophoretic assays may be used to characterize the purity and homogeneity of biopharmaceuticals, based mainly on an ability to differentiate chemical and molecular changes in the compound as a result of oxidation, denaturation, aggregation, and deamidation [11]. Well-established techniques include isoelectric focusing (lEF) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), whilst high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), utilizing a variety of detection systems, may also be used for routine applications. 

Applications of cze include the detection of trace amounts of DNA and the separation of peptide fragments. Furthermore, this technique is beneficial to forensic scientists because restriction mapping can be performed, allowing assays for DNA to be carried out at the scene of a crime (see Forensic testing). It is also possible to interface capillary electrophoresis on-line with a mass spectrometer as a sample introduction technique in the analysis of amino acids and proteins (70). Further improvements in capillary electrophoresis include the need to increase column capacity. Most reported separations involve the resolution of only 20—30 components, whereas high resolution hplc is capable of resolving several hundred components in a mixture (see Chromatography). 

See alsa Blood and Plasma. Chemometrics and Statistics Multivariate Calibration Techniques. Chromatography Overview. Electrophoresis Clinical Applications. Enzymes Enzymes in Physiological Samples Enzyme-Based Assays. Quality Assurance Quality Control Primary Standards Laboratory Information Management Systems. Sample Handling Automated Sample Preparation. 

See also-. Blood and Plasma. Clinical Analysis Sample Handling. Electrophoresis Clinical Applications. Enzymes Overview Industrial Products and Processes Enzyme-Based Assays. Immunoassays, Techniques ... 

As mentioned above, GC and LC techniques (and GC-MS and LC-MS in particular) represent the major determinative approaches used in current MMRMs. Other, much less widely applicable and applied techniques include (1) capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography (2) thin-layer chromatography and (3) an array of immunoassays, such as immunosensors and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunoassays are, however, relatively useful for sensitive and rather rapid and inexpensive screening (followed by a confirmatory method in the case of a positive response) of selected pesticides for which ELISA kits or sensors are available. 

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