Refinery products

Because a critical aspect of assessing the toxic effects of the release of petroleum and petroleum products is the measurement of compounds in the environment, the first approach is to understand the origin and properties of the various fractions. 

Therefore, in this chapter we describe major refinery operations and the products therefrom and focus on their composition, properties, and uses. This presents to the reader the essence of petroleum processes, the types of feedstocks employed, and the product produced, as well as warning of the types of the chemicals that can be released to the environment when an accident occurs. Being forewarned offers an environmental analyst the ability to design the necessary test methods to examine the chemical(s) released. It offers environmental scientists and engineers the ability to start forming opinions and predictions about the nature of the chemical(s) released, the potential effects of the chemical(s) on the environment, and the possible methods of cleanup. 

Process Name Action Method Purpose Feedstock(s) Product(s) 

Atmospheric Separation Thermal Separate fractions Desalted Gas, gas oil, 

Vacuum Separation Thermal Separate fractions Atmospheric Gas oil, lube 

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Table 3 Hsts the refinery product yields in North America and worldwide, illustrating patterns of consumption. The United States refines about 25% of the world s cmde oil, and because of its declining oil reserves, must import additional cmde oil.

LPG recovered from natural gas is essentially free of unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as propylene and butylenes (qv). Varying quantities of these olefins may be found in refinery production, and the concentrations are a function of the refinery s process design and operation. Much of the propylene and butylene are removed in the refinery to provide raw materials for plastic and mbber production and to produce high octane gasoline components. 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Certain specific hydrocarbons, such as propane, butane, pentane, and their mixtures, exist in the gaseous state under atmospheric ambient conditions but can be converted to the Hquid state under conditions of moderate pressure at ambient temperature. This is termed Hquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Liquefied petroleum gas (qv) is a refinery product and the individual constituents, or light ends (Table 4), are produced during a variety of refining operations. 

Refinery Production. Refinery propylene is formed as a by-product of fluid catalytic cracking of gas oils and, to a far lesser extent, of thermal processes, eg, coking. The total amount of propylene produced depends on the mix of these processes and the specific refinery product slate. For example, in the United States, refiners have maximized gasoline production. This results in a higher level of propylene production than in Europe, where proportionally more heating oil is produced. 

Liquid sucrose and Hquid invert, generally made by redissolving white sugar and inverting with invertase enzyme, are refinery products in Europe and outside the United States. In the United States they have been almost completely replaced by cheaper com symps made by enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and isomerization of glucose. 

The United States consumed 1500 metric tons of bismuth in 1988 and exported 147 t (1). The average domestic dealer price was 12.74/kg. The world mine output, excluding the United States, was estimated to be 2770 t in 1988 the world refinery production was estimated as 3510 t. Of the bismuth consumed in the United States, 679 t was used for industrial and laboratory chemicals, cosmetics (qv), and pharmaceuticals (qv) 333 t for fusible alloys 493 t for metaHurgical additives 12 t for other alloys and 15 t for miscellaneous purposes. 

In 1988, a comprehensive report on the technology and competitiveness of the U.S. copper industry was issued (54). This report concludes that the revitalized U.S. copper industry could compete in all but the worst foreseeable markets and that the industry s turnaround came entirely from its own efforts, with Httie governmental assistance. The U.S. copper industry is a world leader in smelter and refinery production, applying modem technology and measures to improve productivity. 

Vacuum pons and evoporotors for solt, sugar, milk Vacuum distillation 8 crystallization units for vorious chemicol ond refinery products... 

Refinery product separation falls into a number of common classes namely Main fractionators gas plants classical distillation, extraction (liquid-liquid), precipitation (solvent deasphalting), solid facilitated (Parex(TM), PSA), and Membrane (PRSIM(TM)). This list has been ordered from most common to least common. Main fractionators are required in every refinery. Nearly every refinery has some type of gas plant. Most refineries have classical distillation columns. Liquid-liquid extraction is in a few places. Precipitation, solid facilitated and membrane separations are used in specific applications. 

Ammonium nitrate is made at Fisons Ltd and stored in solution in two heated tanks to prevent ciystalization. One tank holds 3,100 tonnes and the other 6,200 tonnes of 92% aqueous ammonium nitrate solution. Trains laden with oil refinery products from the Mobil and Shell refineries pass the factory on a near embankment. A derailment could spill and ignite hydrocarbons from a rail tank car to explode an ammonium nitrate storage tank. Suggestions were made to mitigate or prevent such a domino effect... 

STEAM CONDENSERS, evaporators a VACUUM DISTILLATION UNITS FOR CHEMICAL AND REFINERY PRODUCTS, ETC. 

VACUUM DISTILLATION a CRYSTALLIZATION UNITS FOR VARIOUS CHEMICAL a REFINERY PRODUCTS, ETC. 

It is important and beneficial for the environment to reduce the sulfur levels in refinery products, as well as in energy fuel (e.g. natural gas, LPG and heating oil) [1]. It has been previously reported that atmospheric emission of sulfur combustion products contributes to acid rain, ozone, and smog generation. 

Sasol 2 and 3 Refinery Products Density (kg-itr3) RON MON Cetane Number... 

Brown and Huffman [85] reported an investigation of the concentration and composition of nonvolatile hydrocarbons in Atlantic Ocean and nearby waters. Sea water samples were taken at depths of 1 and 10 m and the nonvolatile hydrocarbons were identified by mass spectrometric techniques. The results show that the nonvolatile hydrocarbons in Atlantic and nearby waters contained aromatics at lower concentrations than would be expected if the source of the hydrocarbons were crude oil or petroleum refinery products. Hydrocarbons appeared to persist in the water to varying degrees, with the most persistent being the cycloparaffins, then isoparaffins, and finally the aromatics. 

TABLE 1. World capacity of annual germanium refinery production, December, 1990 (ton yr 1 )4... 

In 1990, the actual world refinery production of germanium was estimated at 76 ton, a decrease of about 7% compared with the 1989 level2 4. This decline is attributed to an oversupply and to a lower level of demand for the metal. The main producers of germanium products are located in the United States, Belgium, France, Germany and Japan. 

According to the International Lead and Zinc Study Group (ILZSG) statistics, world refinery production was 5.9 million tons in 1990109. Annual productions of the main countries in 1987 and 1990 are shown in Table 15. 

TABLE 15. World refinery production of lead (thousand metric tons modified from Reference 109)... 

The maximum refinery production rates and minimum customer demand rates are fixed and known to be as follows ... 

The corporate operations planning model sets target levels and prices for interrefinery transfers, crude and product allocations to each refinery, production targets, and inventory targets for the end of each refinery model s time horizon. 

Bis(monofluoro)-triazine dyes, 9 473 Bismuth (Bi) 4 1-16. See also Bismuth alloys Bismuth compounds analysis, 4 10 barium alloys with, 3 344 catalyst poison, 5 257t economic aspects, 4 6-9 environmental concerns, 4 10-11 fabrication, 4 4-5 health and safety factors, 4 10-11 manufacture and processing, 4 3-6 mine and refinery production by country, 4 8t... 

Within the series of the Chemical Economics Handbook published by SRI Consulting, nearly all known direct hydrogen producers worldwide are cited (see www.sriconsulting.com). Another possibility to estimate the produced hydrogen volumes is from the respective hydrogen demand of the final products (e.g., from ammonia, methanol or refinery products) (see LBST (1998)). 

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