Wood and paper

The composition of papyri of four millenia (1900 B.C. to 1977 A.D.) showed some variations with no visible trend water (4.93 to 7.47 %), cellulose (53.12 to 68.96%), lignin (22.42 to 32.77 %) and ash (2.04 to 14.78 %). Recent papyri from Egypt and Sicily exhibited large differences with almost no lignin peak in the latter one. This peak decreased with age in the old papyri while the cellulose remained more stable during time [112]. 

Quite another kind of paper was used in Middle America in the Maya and Aztec cultures. Barkcloth tunics evolved into a writing material named huum , a paper far superior to the Egyptian papyrus both in texture and durability [104]. The Aztecs produced their paper from bast fibres of the amtal-tree Ficus sp.). The authors had the chance to investigate samples from the Codex Huamantla by 

Since newsprint contributes about 30 % to the municipal waste of industrial countries and only parts of it can be recycled into paper, Richards and Zheng [28] studied the possibilities to increase the pyrolysis yields of this matter by addition of ferrous sulfate (see also the section 20.4 about Pyrolysis). The production of levoglucosan was stimulated fivefold and that of levoglucosenone also. The authors point to the fact that - instead of enlarging the waste mountains of modem society - pyrolysis of newsprint generates a chemical feedstock (of these two compounds) and forms char at the same time which already contains ferrous ions as an efficient catalyst [28]. 

To finish this section, investigations with TG, DSC and thermal volatilization analysis shall be mentioned applied to the thermal decomposition of pure cellulose and pulp paper [115], High heating rates led to a depolymerisation of cellulose to levoglucosan, low rates to an autocatalytic dehydration and formation of char. Kraft paper was decomposed by both mechanisms simultaneously with a larger release of volatile carbonylic compounds. 

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Several appHcations have been found for bis(2-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate as a comonomer imparting flame retardancy for textiles and specialty wood and paper appHcations. Its copolymerization characteristics have been reviewed (76,109). This monomer can be hydrolyzed by concentrated hydrochloric acid to vinylphosphonic acid, polymers of which have photoHthographic plate coating utiHty (see Lithography). It is also an intermediate for the preparation of an oligomeric vinylphosphonate textile finish, Akzo s Fyrol 76 [41222-33-7] (110). 

Most dry-chemical fire-extinguishing materials also function by inhibiting combustion rather than by cooling or by reducing oxygen concentration. The usual dry-chemical material is a bicarbonate, but some phosphates, eg, ammonium, provide a coating that makes the material suitable for use on fires involving soHd combustibles such as mbber tires, wood, and paper. 

P. J. Ince, Reveling of Wood and Paper Products in the United States, General Technical Report EPL-GTR-89, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eorest Service, Eorest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise., 1996. 

The product, calcium hydroxide, is commonly known as slaked lime because, as calcium hydroxide, the thirst of lime for water has been quenched (slaked). Slaked lime is the form in which lime is normally sold because quicklime can set fire to moist wood and paper. In fact, the wooden boats that were once used to transport quicklime sometimes caught fire in the heat of reaction when water seeped into their holds. An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, which is slightly soluble in water, is called lime water. It is used as a test for carbon dioxide, with which it reacts to form a suspension of the much less soluble calcium carbonate ... 

From the description above it already can be deduced that this plant can deal with a lot of waste types and hence is rather robust in terms of acceptance criteria. S VZ has experience with treating mixed plastics waste, waste derived fuel (a mixture of plastics, wood and paper), the shredder light fraction of car wrecks, and the plastic fraction from shredded white goods and electronics. SVZ can handle on average 2% chlorine in MPW, with short-term excursions to 6%. The overall chlorine content has to be controlled by a right blend with other waste types. SVZ does not favour a high... 

This paper discusses the effects of the pyrolysis of wood and paper treated with pentachlorophenol or sodium pentachlorophenate along with the exposure of sodium pentachlorophenate to ultraviolet light. The effect of heat, light, and air with respect to some of the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins will be considered. 

Effects of Combustion and Heat. The results of combusting wood and paper treated with pentachlorophenol or sodium pentachlorophenate are shown in Table I. These results indicate that octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration did not increase as the result of combusting either wood or paper treated with pentachlorophenol. It seems that the concentration of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration was actually decreased during combustion. However, paper treated with sodium pentachlorophenate did increase in octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration as the result of combustion. 

Pine resin, namely rosin or colophony, is one of the most widespread diterpenoid resins and has been used for waterproofing, for treating wood and paper, as varnish, as incense and as an ingredient in scented ointments. The main compounds present in fresh Pinaceae resins... 

Back, E.L. and Danielsson, S. (1987). Oxidative activation of wood and paper surfaces for bonding and for paint adhesion. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 2(special issue), 53-62. 

Ebrahimzadeh, P.R. (1998). Effect of impregnation on mechanosorption in wood and paper studied by dynamic mechanical analysis. Wood Science and Technology, 32(2), 101-118. 

Fires are classified based on the type of fuel involved. Fuels are typically placed into three classes ordinary combustibles (like wood and paper), flammable liquids, and combustible metals. For firefighting, a fourth fire class, electrical fires, is also considered. The four main classifications of fire are shown in Table B-1. 

Although some polymers such as PVC are not readily ignited, most organic polymers, like hydrocarbons, will burn. Some will support combustion, such as polyolefins, SBR, wood, and paper, when lit with a match or some other source of flame. The major products for much of this combustion are carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide if insufficient oxygen is present) and water. 

Both the dry-box and the dry-bag offer a considerable degree of experimental flexibility and are very suitable for larger scale preparative work in which catalytic amounts of impurities are unimportant. However, in this context it is very important to remember that some materials, and expecially natural products such as cork, wood and paper, have a high water content, however carefully they may have been dried and/or degassed, and that they should therefore never be used inside a dry-bag or dry-box. 

In a pulse of 200 microseconds with a beam width of 1 second, this laser would ignite wood and paper at a distance of about 1 mile Refs 1) D.G. Grant, APL/JHU CF-2974,... 

Carbohydrates (including mixtures diat are made up partially of cellulose, like wood and paper)... 

This list of materials diat bum is quite long, and one must not forget that the list includes not only the pure substances such as the elements and compounds that make up the list, but mixtures of those elements and compounds. Examples of mixtures would include natural gas, which is a mixture of methane (principally), ethane, and a few other compounds, and gasoline, which is a mixture of the first six liquid alkanes (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, and decane), plus a few odier compounds. Wood (another mixture), and wood-related products, like paper, are excellent fuels, as are many polymers such as rubber, plastics, wool, silk, and the above-mentioned cellulose, which makes wood and paper the excellent fuels that they are. 

Sulfur Impregnation (14). Stronger and more durable products such as Portland cement concrete, ceramic tile and even wood and paper products have been shown to be feasible. In addition, sulfur as an impregnant for fabric liner systems would have application in ponds, holding tanks, etc. 

Hemp can be cultivated for wood and paper products every 100 days, whereas trees take years to grow back. 

Regional transfer of carbon in 2000 due to production of and trade in crops, wood, and paper constituted 0.72 GtC yr 1. The pure global carbon flux at the atmosphere-ocean boundary in 1995 was estimated at 2.2 GtC (—19% +22%) with an interannual variability of about 0.5 GtC. The greatest extent of C02 flux oscillations in the system can be observed in the equatorial Pacific. 

Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27607... 

Campbell, G. G. "An Investigation of Improving the Durability of Exterior Finishes on Wood", M. S. Thesis, Dept. Wood and Paper Sci. North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, N. C. (1966). 

Surface treatment of textiles, leather, glass, wood, and paper is the second largest application for fluorinated polyurethanes. The coatings are applied in one-step treatment and impart resistance to soil, water, oil, and stains as well as a smoothness to fabrics and leather that resists removal by many cycles of laundering or dry cleaning.52... 

Potassium tetraborate (K20-2B203-4H20) and potassium pentaborate (K205B203-4H20) are also commercially available. An application example is treating wood and paper matches with potassium pentaborate solutions to control the burning rate and afterglow.14... 

Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene. Materials based on copolymers of vinyl acetate and ethylene exhibit a good balance of properties. As the ratio of vinyl acetate to ethylene is increased the copolymers become softer, more hydrophilic, and offer enhanced adhesion. However, at the highest levels of vinyl acetate the films become hard again, showing good adhesion to substrates such as wood and paper but with resistance to water somewhat inferior to that of the intermediate copolymers. 

Photocurable coatings are widely used for metal, plastics wood and paper. Photoinitiated free-radical polymerization, however, can only be applied to vinyl monomers. The studies of Crivello have broadened the scope of monomers. In addition, photoinitiated cationic polymerization is not sensitive toward oxygen (air). Photoinitiated free-radical polymerization sometimes requires working in inert atmosphere in order to avoid the inhibition through oxygen1). 

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