Electrical equipment and communications

Company funds for research and development reveal a different picture. By this measure, the chemical industry was still the most research-intensive industry in American manufacturing in 1957, and has since been second only to electrical equipment (lA, NSF, 1972, Table 9, 41 lA, NSF, 1976c, Table B-9, 31). Company funds as a percentage of sales also show the chemical industry faring much better. Through the early 1970s, only electrical equipment and communications and professional and scientific instruments led the chemical industry in this respect (lA, NSF, 1972, Table 42, 79-80 lA, NSF, 1976c, Table B-37, 56 cf. lA, NSB, 1977,106). 

The ISO/IEC 17025 standard (ISO/IEC 2005) has the title General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories and is the main standard to which analytical chemical laboratories are accredited. The word calibration in the title arises from the use of the standard to accredit bodies that calibrate instruments such as balances, electrical equipment, and utility meters. It must also be stressed that the standard is not written for analytical chemists, but for any measurement scientists. Therefore, the terminology tends to be general, and the emphasis is sometimes not clear for the chemist. However, the standard is wide ranging and covers a whole community of measurement scientists. 

Domestic sales for 1998 amounted to 316 million cells, i.e. 21% of total. Table 3.4 shows the sales ratios by applications. In the field of security and emergency, only NiCd batteries were sold. However, in the fields of offiee equipment and communications, the Li-ion battery ratio was 69% and 53%, respectively. In the fields of home appliances, electric tools toys and retail, the NiCd battery ratio was 51%, 84% and 63%, respectively. A ratio of 37% for NiMH batteries was found in retail (replacement). This seems to come from its use as the main power source for digital cameras. 

The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC ) addresses the safety of persons and equipment during the installation, operation, or maintenance of electric supply and communication lines, and the associated equipment. The NESC contains the basic guidance considered necessary for the safety of both the installers and the general pubhc as a result of such installations. For example, the NESC contains information of the various environmental conditions that aerial cable plants may be exposed to in the different geographic regions of the U.S., which must be accounted for to ensure their survivability. 

CFR Part 56, Subpart K and Part 57, Subpart K address the use of electricity at surface metal and nonmetal mines and underground metal and nonmetal mines, respectively. These subparts address adequacy of cable conductors, circuit and traiUng cable overload protection, performance of work on electric equipment and electric power circuits, grounding system requirements and testing of grounding systems, handheld electric tools, fuse removal and replacement, protection of trading cables from physical damage, installation of troUey wires and track, isolation of communication circuits from power circuits, and so forth. 

Entry into Confined Spaces. In 1993 OSHA adopted a confined space entry rule (93) requiring employers to evaluate the workplace to (/) determine if it contains any confined spaces, (2) mark or identify such confined spaces, and (2) develop and implement a permit program for entry into such spaces. The program must include a permit system which specifies the steps to be taken to identify, evaluate, control, and monitor possible electrical, mechanical, and chemical ha2ards select and use equipment institute stand-by attendance and estabflsh communications. The reference standard (93) should be studied for details. 

The OREDA Offshore Reliability Data Handbooks covers a variety of components used in offshore oil drilling and platforms, including gas/fire detection systems, process alarm systems, firefighting systems, pressure relieving systems, general alarm and communication systems, evacuation systems, process systems (vessels, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, and compressors), electrical and utility systems, and drilling equipment. 

Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) (1) resins are semicrystalline thermoplastics used in a wide variety of applications, most commonly in durable goods that are formed by injection molding. Applications include electronic and communications equipment, computers, televisions, kitchen and household appliances, industrial equipment, lighting systems, gardening and agricultural equipment, pumps, medical devices, food handling systems, handles, power and hand tools, bobbins and spindles, and automotive parts in both under-the-hood and exterior applications. Additionally, PBT is very widely used to form electrical connectors. PBT, through its many blended products, can be tailored to suit numerous applications. 

The chemical industry is research intensive. It hires over 15% of all scientists and engineers in the U.S. The four industrial sectors spending the largest amounts on R D are aircraft and missiles, 25% electrical equipment, 17% chemicals and allied products, 11% and motor vehicles and related equipment, 11%. Of the total for chemicals about 10% of chemicals and allied products R D is federally financed, compared to 76% of aircraft and missiles R D and 44% of electrical and communications equipment R D. Thus chemical R D is heavily subsidized by industry. 

Electrical Steels. The properties required ol a good electrical steel include high electrical resistance, high permeability, and low hysteresis loss. These properties are provided by the addition of 0 ft 5.1), silicon to a relatively carbon-H-ee steel. Such steels are used m power transformers, motor and generator rotors and stators, and communications equipment. 

Fig. 1. Special equipment required to fabricate low-temperature superconducting junctions. Josephson junctions are comprised of aluminum oxide sandwiched between layers of niobium. These trilayer devices are considered vital to the very-high-speed signal processing demands of next-generation computers, radar, and communication systems. Shown in illustration is scientist Dr. Joonhee Kang. (Westinghouse Electric Corporation)...

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) refers to the interaction between electric and magnetic helds and sensitive electronic circuits and devices. EMI is predominantly a high-frequency phenomenon. The mechanism of coupling EMI to sensitive devices is different from that for power frequency disturbances and electrical transients. The mitigation of the effects of EMI requires special techniques, as will be seen later. Radio frequency interference (RFT) is the interaction between conducted or radiated radio frequency helds and sensitive data and communication equipment. It is convenient to include RFI in the category of EMI, but the two phenomena are distinct. 

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