Electrical and electronic systems

Many ideas for advancing electrical and electronic systems have been adopted since the early 1940s, which saw the start of high electronic frequency radar systems. The earliest major use of plastics for electrical insulation early in last century come with the advent of developments in electrical... 

A more influential market driver is the growth of electric and electronic systems on vehicles. The demands come not only from a variety of comfort, convenience, communications, and entertainment features, but also from an evolution to electromechanical operation for many auxiliary devices that to date have been purely mechanical, such as power steering, valve train actuation, braking, suspensions, and air conditioning, among others. Moreover, power train electrification enables new levels of driver responsiveness and controllability in addition to fuel economy benefits. 

According to the Connoisseur Corporation Pty. Ltd. (29), the effects of corrosion in electrical and electronic systems in modern mines are often overlooked however, the harsh environment of the mining industry often causes failure of electrical equipment after a short period of time. 

TABLE B.i Examples of Frequencies of Various Electrical and Electronic Systems... 

An understanding of periods and frequencies is also important in the design of electrical and electronic components. In general, excited mechanical systems have mudh lower frequencies than elearical/electronic tems. Examples of frequencies of various electrical and electronic systems are ven in Table 8.1. 

In non-deterministic regime, in electrical and electronic systems (communications), we can have internal noise which is inherent in the system and external noise which is the disturbance caused by external factors. It may be noted that the study of effect of noise on oscillatory behaviour is of relevance in neuro-sciences and information processing [20-22]. It has been pointed out that in linear systems, noise plays a destructive role, whereas in non-linear systems, the noise can play a constructive role in some cases. 

The physical damage of a lightning strike on a chemical equipment item is due to mechanical and thermal effects of lightning. The lightning may also be the cause ofthe failure of electrical and electronic systems, causing permanent damage due to electromagnetic effects. 

Tooley, M., Wyatt, D. 2009, Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems - Principles, Maintenance and Operation. But-terworth - Heinemann (Elsevier), London, Great Britain. 

Greater resistance to electrical interference effects of electrostatic discharges (BSD) in electrical and electronic systems... 

The increase of number, complexity and interaction of electric and electronic systems in a vehicle, bears growing challenges for development activities in the automotive domain. Besides the decreasing development time, the increasing distribution of functions and their computing control system, the draft international standard for functional safety of road vehicles ISO/DIS 26262 (International Organization for Standardization / Draft International Standard 26262) requires attention. Automotive systems demand safety and reliability, which results in consideration of safety requirements with the same level of priority as the functional requirements of the system to develop [1]. 

Electrical and electronic systems are extremely susceptible to corrosion by the aggressive automobile environment [29-3i], Pitting, crevice and galvanic corrosion, and corrosion product creep are all important mechanisms, and in many cases these mechanisms are accelerated by leakage currents, which impose a potential bias on the materials. Fretting and coatings failure are also failure mechanisms. 

Protection measures against the effects of LEMP by LEMP protection system (LPMS) for structures with electrical and electronic systems. An individual combination of protection measures are earthing and equipotential bonding, spatial shielding, cable routing and screening, coordinated protection by SPDs. 

Plastic provides ideas for advancing electrical and electronic systems from conducting electricity to the telephone to electronic communication devices. Thousands of outstanding applications use plastics in electrical products. The users and designers imaginations have excelled in developing new plastic products. 

Sneak circuit analysis (SCA) is used for evaluating electrical circuits, with the intention of identifying latent (sneak) circuits and conditions that inhibit desired functions without component failure having occurred. Sneak circuits can occur in all types of electrical and electronic systems, so SCA is required for high-reliability systems. Sneak circuits can create sneak paths (which allow current to flow along an unexpected route) or sneak timing (which causes functions to be inhibited or to occur unexpectedly). 

Have all existing electrical and electronic systems been assessed for their inherent hazards and safety requirements ... 

As far as electrical and electronic systems are concerned, there are a number of relevant Regulations that are of interest. 

The design of the reactor shall be such as to allow for appropriate functional testing and inspection of items important to safety to ensure that systems will perform their safety functions with the required reliability. This is particularly important for passive components and for systems whose ability to function is not normally verified by routine operations. Important factors that shall be considered are the ease of performing the tests and inspections, the degree to which the tests and inspections represent real conditions, and the need to maintain the performance of the safety function during the tests. Where possible and appropriate, self-testing circuits should be installed in electrical and electronic systems. 

Director, Global Electrical and Electronics Systems Engineering Ford Motor Company... 

Robert Bosch GmbH. 2007. Automotive Electrics/Automotive Electronics, 5th ed. Stuttgart Robert Bosch. Contains a compilation of content on automotive electrical and electronics systems culled from the German-published Bosch Technical Instruction series. 

Robert Bosch GmbH. 2008. Bosch Automotive Electrics, Automotive Electronics Handbook, 5th ed. Plochingen, Germany Bentley Publishers. Covers the topics of electrical and electronic systems in motor vehicles with a particular emphasis on networking. 

International Journal of Vehicle Autonomous Systems (1471-0226) http //www.inderscience. com/browse/index.php journalID=30 (accessed Septanber 3,2010). Geneva, Switzerland Inderscience quarterly. Reports on driver assistance systems, intelligent vehicle systems, collision avoidance, by-wire systems, and new electrical and electronic systems. 

For this reason, more and more standards and guidelines for the development of safety-relevant systems demand safety analyses for the system and the software as part of a rigorous development process. Examples of this are lEC 61508 [1], lEC/TR 80002 [2], MISRA safety analysis guidelines [3], and ISO 26262 [4]. ISO 26262 is a committee draft for the development of road vehicles. It defines requirements on the development of electrical and electronic systems and particularly requirements on the development of software, which include qualitative safety analysis for software architecture as well as for software unit design. However performing a qualitative safety analysis technique such as failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) or fault tree analysis (FTA) on software architectmal design is a complex task. One reason for this is that safety analyses do not fit well with software architectural design and do not... 

Sadafumi Yoshida, Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama, Japan... 

A number of techniques are well established for electrical and electronic systems but there has been much debate as to how relevant these techniques are when applied to software. 

The JIMO spacecraft would be subjected to radiations from two sources during its Journey through space the internal radiations generated by SNPP reactor and the external radiations generated by the stellar and planetary objects in space. The SNPP reactor would subject the remainder of the spacecraft to a continuous stream of neutron and gamma radiations at nearly constant levels for the duration of the mission, while space sources would impinge on the spacecraft in varying forms, rates, and intensities. It is the electrical and electronic systems aboard the spacecraft that would be particularly vulnerable to these radiations and that are the focus of the considerations herein. 

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